Primitive Type f64

1.0.0 ·
Expand description

A 64-bit floating point type (specifically, the “binary64” type defined in IEEE 754-2008).

This type is very similar to f32, but has increased precision by using twice as many bits. Please see the documentation for f32 or Wikipedia on double precision values for more information.

See also the std::f64::consts module.

Implementations§

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impl f64

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pub fn floor(self) -> f64

Returns the largest integer less than or equal to self.

Examples
let f = 3.7_f64;
let g = 3.0_f64;
let h = -3.7_f64;

assert_eq!(f.floor(), 3.0);
assert_eq!(g.floor(), 3.0);
assert_eq!(h.floor(), -4.0);
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pub fn ceil(self) -> f64

Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to self.

Examples
let f = 3.01_f64;
let g = 4.0_f64;

assert_eq!(f.ceil(), 4.0);
assert_eq!(g.ceil(), 4.0);
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pub fn round(self) -> f64

Returns the nearest integer to self. If a value is half-way between two integers, round away from 0.0.

Examples
let f = 3.3_f64;
let g = -3.3_f64;
let h = -3.7_f64;
let i = 3.5_f64;
let j = 4.5_f64;

assert_eq!(f.round(), 3.0);
assert_eq!(g.round(), -3.0);
assert_eq!(h.round(), -4.0);
assert_eq!(i.round(), 4.0);
assert_eq!(j.round(), 5.0);
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pub fn round_ties_even(self) -> f64

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (round_ties_even #96710)

Returns the nearest integer to a number. Rounds half-way cases to the number with an even least significant digit.

Examples
#![feature(round_ties_even)]

let f = 3.3_f64;
let g = -3.3_f64;
let h = 3.5_f64;
let i = 4.5_f64;

assert_eq!(f.round_ties_even(), 3.0);
assert_eq!(g.round_ties_even(), -3.0);
assert_eq!(h.round_ties_even(), 4.0);
assert_eq!(i.round_ties_even(), 4.0);
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pub fn trunc(self) -> f64

Returns the integer part of self. This means that non-integer numbers are always truncated towards zero.

Examples
let f = 3.7_f64;
let g = 3.0_f64;
let h = -3.7_f64;

assert_eq!(f.trunc(), 3.0);
assert_eq!(g.trunc(), 3.0);
assert_eq!(h.trunc(), -3.0);
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pub fn fract(self) -> f64

Returns the fractional part of self.

Examples
let x = 3.6_f64;
let y = -3.6_f64;
let abs_difference_x = (x.fract() - 0.6).abs();
let abs_difference_y = (y.fract() - (-0.6)).abs();

assert!(abs_difference_x < 1e-10);
assert!(abs_difference_y < 1e-10);
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pub fn abs(self) -> f64

Computes the absolute value of self.

Examples
let x = 3.5_f64;
let y = -3.5_f64;

let abs_difference_x = (x.abs() - x).abs();
let abs_difference_y = (y.abs() - (-y)).abs();

assert!(abs_difference_x < 1e-10);
assert!(abs_difference_y < 1e-10);

assert!(f64::NAN.abs().is_nan());
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pub fn signum(self) -> f64

Returns a number that represents the sign of self.

  • 1.0 if the number is positive, +0.0 or INFINITY
  • -1.0 if the number is negative, -0.0 or NEG_INFINITY
  • NaN if the number is NaN
Examples
let f = 3.5_f64;

assert_eq!(f.signum(), 1.0);
assert_eq!(f64::NEG_INFINITY.signum(), -1.0);

assert!(f64::NAN.signum().is_nan());
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1.35.0 · source

pub fn copysign(self, sign: f64) -> f64

Returns a number composed of the magnitude of self and the sign of sign.

Equal to self if the sign of self and sign are the same, otherwise equal to -self. If self is a NaN, then a NaN with the sign bit of sign is returned. Note, however, that conserving the sign bit on NaN across arithmetical operations is not generally guaranteed. See explanation of NaN as a special value for more info.

Examples
let f = 3.5_f64;

assert_eq!(f.copysign(0.42), 3.5_f64);
assert_eq!(f.copysign(-0.42), -3.5_f64);
assert_eq!((-f).copysign(0.42), 3.5_f64);
assert_eq!((-f).copysign(-0.42), -3.5_f64);

assert!(f64::NAN.copysign(1.0).is_nan());
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pub fn mul_add(self, a: f64, b: f64) -> f64

Fused multiply-add. Computes (self * a) + b with only one rounding error, yielding a more accurate result than an unfused multiply-add.

Using mul_add may be more performant than an unfused multiply-add if the target architecture has a dedicated fma CPU instruction. However, this is not always true, and will be heavily dependant on designing algorithms with specific target hardware in mind.

Examples
let m = 10.0_f64;
let x = 4.0_f64;
let b = 60.0_f64;

// 100.0
let abs_difference = (m.mul_add(x, b) - ((m * x) + b)).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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1.38.0 · source

pub fn div_euclid(self, rhs: f64) -> f64

Calculates Euclidean division, the matching method for rem_euclid.

This computes the integer n such that self = n * rhs + self.rem_euclid(rhs). In other words, the result is self / rhs rounded to the integer n such that self >= n * rhs.

Examples
let a: f64 = 7.0;
let b = 4.0;
assert_eq!(a.div_euclid(b), 1.0); // 7.0 > 4.0 * 1.0
assert_eq!((-a).div_euclid(b), -2.0); // -7.0 >= 4.0 * -2.0
assert_eq!(a.div_euclid(-b), -1.0); // 7.0 >= -4.0 * -1.0
assert_eq!((-a).div_euclid(-b), 2.0); // -7.0 >= -4.0 * 2.0
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1.38.0 · source

pub fn rem_euclid(self, rhs: f64) -> f64

Calculates the least nonnegative remainder of self (mod rhs).

In particular, the return value r satisfies 0.0 <= r < rhs.abs() in most cases. However, due to a floating point round-off error it can result in r == rhs.abs(), violating the mathematical definition, if self is much smaller than rhs.abs() in magnitude and self < 0.0. This result is not an element of the function’s codomain, but it is the closest floating point number in the real numbers and thus fulfills the property self == self.div_euclid(rhs) * rhs + self.rem_euclid(rhs) approximately.

Examples
let a: f64 = 7.0;
let b = 4.0;
assert_eq!(a.rem_euclid(b), 3.0);
assert_eq!((-a).rem_euclid(b), 1.0);
assert_eq!(a.rem_euclid(-b), 3.0);
assert_eq!((-a).rem_euclid(-b), 1.0);
// limitation due to round-off error
assert!((-f64::EPSILON).rem_euclid(3.0) != 0.0);
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pub fn powi(self, n: i32) -> f64

Raises a number to an integer power.

Using this function is generally faster than using powf. It might have a different sequence of rounding operations than powf, so the results are not guaranteed to agree.

Examples
let x = 2.0_f64;
let abs_difference = (x.powi(2) - (x * x)).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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pub fn powf(self, n: f64) -> f64

Raises a number to a floating point power.

Examples
let x = 2.0_f64;
let abs_difference = (x.powf(2.0) - (x * x)).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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pub fn sqrt(self) -> f64

Returns the square root of a number.

Returns NaN if self is a negative number other than -0.0.

Examples
let positive = 4.0_f64;
let negative = -4.0_f64;
let negative_zero = -0.0_f64;

let abs_difference = (positive.sqrt() - 2.0).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
assert!(negative.sqrt().is_nan());
assert!(negative_zero.sqrt() == negative_zero);
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pub fn exp(self) -> f64

Returns e^(self), (the exponential function).

Examples
let one = 1.0_f64;
// e^1
let e = one.exp();

// ln(e) - 1 == 0
let abs_difference = (e.ln() - 1.0).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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pub fn exp2(self) -> f64

Returns 2^(self).

Examples
let f = 2.0_f64;

// 2^2 - 4 == 0
let abs_difference = (f.exp2() - 4.0).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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pub fn ln(self) -> f64

Returns the natural logarithm of the number.

Examples
let one = 1.0_f64;
// e^1
let e = one.exp();

// ln(e) - 1 == 0
let abs_difference = (e.ln() - 1.0).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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pub fn log(self, base: f64) -> f64

Returns the logarithm of the number with respect to an arbitrary base.

The result might not be correctly rounded owing to implementation details; self.log2() can produce more accurate results for base 2, and self.log10() can produce more accurate results for base 10.

Examples
let twenty_five = 25.0_f64;

// log5(25) - 2 == 0
let abs_difference = (twenty_five.log(5.0) - 2.0).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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pub fn log2(self) -> f64

Returns the base 2 logarithm of the number.

Examples
let four = 4.0_f64;

// log2(4) - 2 == 0
let abs_difference = (four.log2() - 2.0).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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pub fn log10(self) -> f64

Returns the base 10 logarithm of the number.

Examples
let hundred = 100.0_f64;

// log10(100) - 2 == 0
let abs_difference = (hundred.log10() - 2.0).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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pub fn abs_sub(self, other: f64) -> f64

👎Deprecated since 1.10.0: you probably meant (self - other).abs(): this operation is (self - other).max(0.0) except that abs_sub also propagates NaNs (also known as fdim in C). If you truly need the positive difference, consider using that expression or the C function fdim, depending on how you wish to handle NaN (please consider filing an issue describing your use-case too).

The positive difference of two numbers.

  • If self <= other: 0.0
  • Else: self - other
Examples
let x = 3.0_f64;
let y = -3.0_f64;

let abs_difference_x = (x.abs_sub(1.0) - 2.0).abs();
let abs_difference_y = (y.abs_sub(1.0) - 0.0).abs();

assert!(abs_difference_x < 1e-10);
assert!(abs_difference_y < 1e-10);
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pub fn cbrt(self) -> f64

Returns the cube root of a number.

Examples
let x = 8.0_f64;

// x^(1/3) - 2 == 0
let abs_difference = (x.cbrt() - 2.0).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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pub fn hypot(self, other: f64) -> f64

Compute the distance between the origin and a point (x, y) on the Euclidean plane. Equivalently, compute the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angle triangle with other sides having length x.abs() and y.abs().

Examples
let x = 2.0_f64;
let y = 3.0_f64;

// sqrt(x^2 + y^2)
let abs_difference = (x.hypot(y) - (x.powi(2) + y.powi(2)).sqrt()).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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pub fn sin(self) -> f64

Computes the sine of a number (in radians).

Examples
let x = std::f64::consts::FRAC_PI_2;

let abs_difference = (x.sin() - 1.0).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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pub fn cos(self) -> f64

Computes the cosine of a number (in radians).

Examples
let x = 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI;

let abs_difference = (x.cos() - 1.0).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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pub fn tan(self) -> f64

Computes the tangent of a number (in radians).

Examples
let x = std::f64::consts::FRAC_PI_4;
let abs_difference = (x.tan() - 1.0).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-14);
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pub fn asin(self) -> f64

Computes the arcsine of a number. Return value is in radians in the range [-pi/2, pi/2] or NaN if the number is outside the range [-1, 1].

Examples
let f = std::f64::consts::FRAC_PI_2;

// asin(sin(pi/2))
let abs_difference = (f.sin().asin() - std::f64::consts::FRAC_PI_2).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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pub fn acos(self) -> f64

Computes the arccosine of a number. Return value is in radians in the range [0, pi] or NaN if the number is outside the range [-1, 1].

Examples
let f = std::f64::consts::FRAC_PI_4;

// acos(cos(pi/4))
let abs_difference = (f.cos().acos() - std::f64::consts::FRAC_PI_4).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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pub fn atan(self) -> f64

Computes the arctangent of a number. Return value is in radians in the range [-pi/2, pi/2];

Examples
let f = 1.0_f64;

// atan(tan(1))
let abs_difference = (f.tan().atan() - 1.0).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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pub fn atan2(self, other: f64) -> f64

Computes the four quadrant arctangent of self (y) and other (x) in radians.

  • x = 0, y = 0: 0
  • x >= 0: arctan(y/x) -> [-pi/2, pi/2]
  • y >= 0: arctan(y/x) + pi -> (pi/2, pi]
  • y < 0: arctan(y/x) - pi -> (-pi, -pi/2)
Examples
// Positive angles measured counter-clockwise
// from positive x axis
// -pi/4 radians (45 deg clockwise)
let x1 = 3.0_f64;
let y1 = -3.0_f64;

// 3pi/4 radians (135 deg counter-clockwise)
let x2 = -3.0_f64;
let y2 = 3.0_f64;

let abs_difference_1 = (y1.atan2(x1) - (-std::f64::consts::FRAC_PI_4)).abs();
let abs_difference_2 = (y2.atan2(x2) - (3.0 * std::f64::consts::FRAC_PI_4)).abs();

assert!(abs_difference_1 < 1e-10);
assert!(abs_difference_2 < 1e-10);
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pub fn sin_cos(self) -> (f64, f64)

Simultaneously computes the sine and cosine of the number, x. Returns (sin(x), cos(x)).

Examples
let x = std::f64::consts::FRAC_PI_4;
let f = x.sin_cos();

let abs_difference_0 = (f.0 - x.sin()).abs();
let abs_difference_1 = (f.1 - x.cos()).abs();

assert!(abs_difference_0 < 1e-10);
assert!(abs_difference_1 < 1e-10);
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pub fn exp_m1(self) -> f64

Returns e^(self) - 1 in a way that is accurate even if the number is close to zero.

Examples
let x = 1e-16_f64;

// for very small x, e^x is approximately 1 + x + x^2 / 2
let approx = x + x * x / 2.0;
let abs_difference = (x.exp_m1() - approx).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-20);
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pub fn ln_1p(self) -> f64

Returns ln(1+n) (natural logarithm) more accurately than if the operations were performed separately.

Examples
let x = 1e-16_f64;

// for very small x, ln(1 + x) is approximately x - x^2 / 2
let approx = x - x * x / 2.0;
let abs_difference = (x.ln_1p() - approx).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-20);
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pub fn sinh(self) -> f64

Hyperbolic sine function.

Examples
let e = std::f64::consts::E;
let x = 1.0_f64;

let f = x.sinh();
// Solving sinh() at 1 gives `(e^2-1)/(2e)`
let g = ((e * e) - 1.0) / (2.0 * e);
let abs_difference = (f - g).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
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pub fn cosh(self) -> f64

Hyperbolic cosine function.

Examples
let e = std::f64::consts::E;
let x = 1.0_f64;
let f = x.cosh();
// Solving cosh() at 1 gives this result
let g = ((e * e) + 1.0) / (2.0 * e);
let abs_difference = (f - g).abs();

// Same result
assert!(abs_difference < 1.0e-10);
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pub fn tanh(self) -> f64

Hyperbolic tangent function.

Examples
let e = std::f64::consts::E;
let x = 1.0_f64;

let f = x.tanh();
// Solving tanh() at 1 gives `(1 - e^(-2))/(1 + e^(-2))`
let g = (1.0 - e.powi(-2)) / (1.0 + e.powi(-2));
let abs_difference = (f - g).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1.0e-10);
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pub fn asinh(self) -> f64

Inverse hyperbolic sine function.

Examples
let x = 1.0_f64;
let f = x.sinh().asinh();

let abs_difference = (f - x).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1.0e-10);
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pub fn acosh(self) -> f64

Inverse hyperbolic cosine function.

Examples
let x = 1.0_f64;
let f = x.cosh().acosh();

let abs_difference = (f - x).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1.0e-10);
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pub fn atanh(self) -> f64

Inverse hyperbolic tangent function.

Examples
let e = std::f64::consts::E;
let f = e.tanh().atanh();

let abs_difference = (f - e).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1.0e-10);
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pub fn gamma(self) -> f64

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (float_gamma #99842)

Gamma function.

Examples
#![feature(float_gamma)]
let x = 5.0f64;

let abs_difference = (x.gamma() - 24.0).abs();

assert!(abs_difference <= f64::EPSILON);
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pub fn ln_gamma(self) -> (f64, i32)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (float_gamma #99842)

Natural logarithm of the absolute value of the gamma function

The integer part of the tuple indicates the sign of the gamma function.

Examples
#![feature(float_gamma)]
let x = 2.0f64;

let abs_difference = (x.ln_gamma().0 - 0.0).abs();

assert!(abs_difference <= f64::EPSILON);
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impl f64

1.43.0 · source

pub const RADIX: u32 = 2u32

The radix or base of the internal representation of f64.

1.43.0 · source

pub const MANTISSA_DIGITS: u32 = 53u32

Number of significant digits in base 2.

1.43.0 · source

pub const DIGITS: u32 = 15u32

Approximate number of significant digits in base 10.

This is the maximum x such that any decimal number with x significant digits can be converted to f64 and back without loss.

Equal to floor(log10 2MANTISSA_DIGITS − 1).

1.43.0 · source

pub const EPSILON: f64 = 2.2204460492503131E-16f64

Machine epsilon value for f64.

This is the difference between 1.0 and the next larger representable number.

Equal to 21 − MANTISSA_DIGITS.

1.43.0 · source

pub const MIN: f64 = -1.7976931348623157E+308f64

Smallest finite f64 value.

Equal to −MAX.

1.43.0 · source

pub const MIN_POSITIVE: f64 = 2.2250738585072014E-308f64

Smallest positive normal f64 value.

Equal to 2MIN_EXP − 1.

1.43.0 · source

pub const MAX: f64 = 1.7976931348623157E+308f64

Largest finite f64 value.

Equal to (1 − 2MANTISSA_DIGITS) 2MAX_EXP.

1.43.0 · source

pub const MIN_EXP: i32 = -1_021i32

One greater than the minimum possible normal power of 2 exponent.

If x = MIN_EXP, then normal numbers ≥ 0.5 × 2x.

1.43.0 · source

pub const MAX_EXP: i32 = 1_024i32

Maximum possible power of 2 exponent.

If x = MAX_EXP, then normal numbers < 1 × 2x.

1.43.0 · source

pub const MIN_10_EXP: i32 = -307i32

Minimum x for which 10x is normal.

Equal to ceil(log10 MIN_POSITIVE).

1.43.0 · source

pub const MAX_10_EXP: i32 = 308i32

Maximum x for which 10x is normal.

Equal to floor(log10 MAX).

1.43.0 · source

pub const NAN: f64 = NaNf64

Not a Number (NaN).

Note that IEEE 754 doesn’t define just a single NaN value; a plethora of bit patterns are considered to be NaN. Furthermore, the standard makes a difference between a “signaling” and a “quiet” NaN, and allows inspecting its “payload” (the unspecified bits in the bit pattern). This constant isn’t guaranteed to equal to any specific NaN bitpattern, and the stability of its representation over Rust versions and target platforms isn’t guaranteed.

1.43.0 · source

pub const INFINITY: f64 = +Inff64

Infinity (∞).

1.43.0 · source

pub const NEG_INFINITY: f64 = -Inff64

Negative infinity (−∞).

const: unstable · source

pub fn is_nan(self) -> bool

Returns true if this value is NaN.

let nan = f64::NAN;
let f = 7.0_f64;

assert!(nan.is_nan());
assert!(!f.is_nan());
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const: unstable · source

pub fn is_infinite(self) -> bool

Returns true if this value is positive infinity or negative infinity, and false otherwise.

let f = 7.0f64;
let inf = f64::INFINITY;
let neg_inf = f64::NEG_INFINITY;
let nan = f64::NAN;

assert!(!f.is_infinite());
assert!(!nan.is_infinite());

assert!(inf.is_infinite());
assert!(neg_inf.is_infinite());
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const: unstable · source

pub fn is_finite(self) -> bool

Returns true if this number is neither infinite nor NaN.

let f = 7.0f64;
let inf: f64 = f64::INFINITY;
let neg_inf: f64 = f64::NEG_INFINITY;
let nan: f64 = f64::NAN;

assert!(f.is_finite());

assert!(!nan.is_finite());
assert!(!inf.is_finite());
assert!(!neg_inf.is_finite());
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1.53.0 (const: unstable) · source

pub fn is_subnormal(self) -> bool

Returns true if the number is subnormal.

let min = f64::MIN_POSITIVE; // 2.2250738585072014e-308_f64
let max = f64::MAX;
let lower_than_min = 1.0e-308_f64;
let zero = 0.0_f64;

assert!(!min.is_subnormal());
assert!(!max.is_subnormal());

assert!(!zero.is_subnormal());
assert!(!f64::NAN.is_subnormal());
assert!(!f64::INFINITY.is_subnormal());
// Values between `0` and `min` are Subnormal.
assert!(lower_than_min.is_subnormal());
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const: unstable · source

pub fn is_normal(self) -> bool

Returns true if the number is neither zero, infinite, subnormal, or NaN.

let min = f64::MIN_POSITIVE; // 2.2250738585072014e-308f64
let max = f64::MAX;
let lower_than_min = 1.0e-308_f64;
let zero = 0.0f64;

assert!(min.is_normal());
assert!(max.is_normal());

assert!(!zero.is_normal());
assert!(!f64::NAN.is_normal());
assert!(!f64::INFINITY.is_normal());
// Values between `0` and `min` are Subnormal.
assert!(!lower_than_min.is_normal());
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const: unstable · source

pub fn classify(self) -> FpCategory

Returns the floating point category of the number. If only one property is going to be tested, it is generally faster to use the specific predicate instead.

use std::num::FpCategory;

let num = 12.4_f64;
let inf = f64::INFINITY;

assert_eq!(num.classify(), FpCategory::Normal);
assert_eq!(inf.classify(), FpCategory::Infinite);
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const: unstable · source

pub fn is_sign_positive(self) -> bool

Returns true if self has a positive sign, including +0.0, NaNs with positive sign bit and positive infinity. Note that IEEE 754 doesn’t assign any meaning to the sign bit in case of a NaN, and as Rust doesn’t guarantee that the bit pattern of NaNs are conserved over arithmetic operations, the result of is_sign_positive on a NaN might produce an unexpected result in some cases. See explanation of NaN as a special value for more info.

let f = 7.0_f64;
let g = -7.0_f64;

assert!(f.is_sign_positive());
assert!(!g.is_sign_positive());
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const: unstable · source

pub fn is_sign_negative(self) -> bool

Returns true if self has a negative sign, including -0.0, NaNs with negative sign bit and negative infinity. Note that IEEE 754 doesn’t assign any meaning to the sign bit in case of a NaN, and as Rust doesn’t guarantee that the bit pattern of NaNs are conserved over arithmetic operations, the result of is_sign_negative on a NaN might produce an unexpected result in some cases. See explanation of NaN as a special value for more info.

let f = 7.0_f64;
let g = -7.0_f64;

assert!(!f.is_sign_negative());
assert!(g.is_sign_negative());
Run
const: unstable · source

pub fn next_up(self) -> f64

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (float_next_up_down #91399)

Returns the least number greater than self.

Let TINY be the smallest representable positive f64. Then,

  • if self.is_nan(), this returns self;
  • if self is NEG_INFINITY, this returns MIN;
  • if self is -TINY, this returns -0.0;
  • if self is -0.0 or +0.0, this returns TINY;
  • if self is MAX or INFINITY, this returns INFINITY;
  • otherwise the unique least value greater than self is returned.

The identity x.next_up() == -(-x).next_down() holds for all non-NaN x. When x is finite x == x.next_up().next_down() also holds.

#![feature(float_next_up_down)]
// f64::EPSILON is the difference between 1.0 and the next number up.
assert_eq!(1.0f64.next_up(), 1.0 + f64::EPSILON);
// But not for most numbers.
assert!(0.1f64.next_up() < 0.1 + f64::EPSILON);
assert_eq!(9007199254740992f64.next_up(), 9007199254740994.0);
Run
const: unstable · source

pub fn next_down(self) -> f64

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (float_next_up_down #91399)

Returns the greatest number less than self.

Let TINY be the smallest representable positive f64. Then,

  • if self.is_nan(), this returns self;
  • if self is INFINITY, this returns MAX;
  • if self is TINY, this returns 0.0;
  • if self is -0.0 or +0.0, this returns -TINY;
  • if self is MIN or NEG_INFINITY, this returns NEG_INFINITY;
  • otherwise the unique greatest value less than self is returned.

The identity x.next_down() == -(-x).next_up() holds for all non-NaN x. When x is finite x == x.next_down().next_up() also holds.

#![feature(float_next_up_down)]
let x = 1.0f64;
// Clamp value into range [0, 1).
let clamped = x.clamp(0.0, 1.0f64.next_down());
assert!(clamped < 1.0);
assert_eq!(clamped.next_up(), 1.0);
Run
source

pub fn recip(self) -> f64

Takes the reciprocal (inverse) of a number, 1/x.

let x = 2.0_f64;
let abs_difference = (x.recip() - (1.0 / x)).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
Run
source

pub fn to_degrees(self) -> f64

Converts radians to degrees.

let angle = std::f64::consts::PI;

let abs_difference = (angle.to_degrees() - 180.0).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
Run
source

pub fn to_radians(self) -> f64

Converts degrees to radians.

let angle = 180.0_f64;

let abs_difference = (angle.to_radians() - std::f64::consts::PI).abs();

assert!(abs_difference < 1e-10);
Run
source

pub fn max(self, other: f64) -> f64

Returns the maximum of the two numbers, ignoring NaN.

If one of the arguments is NaN, then the other argument is returned. This follows the IEEE 754-2008 semantics for maxNum, except for handling of signaling NaNs; this function handles all NaNs the same way and avoids maxNum’s problems with associativity. This also matches the behavior of libm’s fmax.

let x = 1.0_f64;
let y = 2.0_f64;

assert_eq!(x.max(y), y);
Run
source

pub fn min(self, other: f64) -> f64

Returns the minimum of the two numbers, ignoring NaN.

If one of the arguments is NaN, then the other argument is returned. This follows the IEEE 754-2008 semantics for minNum, except for handling of signaling NaNs; this function handles all NaNs the same way and avoids minNum’s problems with associativity. This also matches the behavior of libm’s fmin.

let x = 1.0_f64;
let y = 2.0_f64;

assert_eq!(x.min(y), x);
Run
source

pub fn maximum(self, other: f64) -> f64

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (float_minimum_maximum #91079)

Returns the maximum of the two numbers, propagating NaN.

This returns NaN when either argument is NaN, as opposed to f64::max which only returns NaN when both arguments are NaN.

#![feature(float_minimum_maximum)]
let x = 1.0_f64;
let y = 2.0_f64;

assert_eq!(x.maximum(y), y);
assert!(x.maximum(f64::NAN).is_nan());
Run

If one of the arguments is NaN, then NaN is returned. Otherwise this returns the greater of the two numbers. For this operation, -0.0 is considered to be less than +0.0. Note that this follows the semantics specified in IEEE 754-2019.

Also note that “propagation” of NaNs here doesn’t necessarily mean that the bitpattern of a NaN operand is conserved; see explanation of NaN as a special value for more info.

source

pub fn minimum(self, other: f64) -> f64

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (float_minimum_maximum #91079)

Returns the minimum of the two numbers, propagating NaN.

This returns NaN when either argument is NaN, as opposed to f64::min which only returns NaN when both arguments are NaN.

#![feature(float_minimum_maximum)]
let x = 1.0_f64;
let y = 2.0_f64;

assert_eq!(x.minimum(y), x);
assert!(x.minimum(f64::NAN).is_nan());
Run

If one of the arguments is NaN, then NaN is returned. Otherwise this returns the lesser of the two numbers. For this operation, -0.0 is considered to be less than +0.0. Note that this follows the semantics specified in IEEE 754-2019.

Also note that “propagation” of NaNs here doesn’t necessarily mean that the bitpattern of a NaN operand is conserved; see explanation of NaN as a special value for more info.

source

pub fn midpoint(self, other: f64) -> f64

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (num_midpoint #110840)

Calculates the middle point of self and rhs.

This returns NaN when either argument is NaN or if a combination of +inf and -inf is provided as arguments.

Examples
#![feature(num_midpoint)]
assert_eq!(1f64.midpoint(4.0), 2.5);
assert_eq!((-5.5f64).midpoint(8.0), 1.25);
Run
1.44.0 · source

pub unsafe fn to_int_unchecked<Int>(self) -> Intwhere f64: FloatToInt<Int>,

Rounds toward zero and converts to any primitive integer type, assuming that the value is finite and fits in that type.

let value = 4.6_f64;
let rounded = unsafe { value.to_int_unchecked::<u16>() };
assert_eq!(rounded, 4);

let value = -128.9_f64;
let rounded = unsafe { value.to_int_unchecked::<i8>() };
assert_eq!(rounded, i8::MIN);
Run
Safety

The value must:

  • Not be NaN
  • Not be infinite
  • Be representable in the return type Int, after truncating off its fractional part
1.20.0 (const: unstable) · source

pub fn to_bits(self) -> u64

Raw transmutation to u64.

This is currently identical to transmute::<f64, u64>(self) on all platforms.

See from_bits for some discussion of the portability of this operation (there are almost no issues).

Note that this function is distinct from as casting, which attempts to preserve the numeric value, and not the bitwise value.

Examples
assert!((1f64).to_bits() != 1f64 as u64); // to_bits() is not casting!
assert_eq!((12.5f64).to_bits(), 0x4029000000000000);
Run
1.20.0 (const: unstable) · source

pub fn from_bits(v: u64) -> f64

Raw transmutation from u64.

This is currently identical to transmute::<u64, f64>(v) on all platforms. It turns out this is incredibly portable, for two reasons:

  • Floats and Ints have the same endianness on all supported platforms.
  • IEEE 754 very precisely specifies the bit layout of floats.

However there is one caveat: prior to the 2008 version of IEEE 754, how to interpret the NaN signaling bit wasn’t actually specified. Most platforms (notably x86 and ARM) picked the interpretation that was ultimately standardized in 2008, but some didn’t (notably MIPS). As a result, all signaling NaNs on MIPS are quiet NaNs on x86, and vice-versa.

Rather than trying to preserve signaling-ness cross-platform, this implementation favors preserving the exact bits. This means that any payloads encoded in NaNs will be preserved even if the result of this method is sent over the network from an x86 machine to a MIPS one.

If the results of this method are only manipulated by the same architecture that produced them, then there is no portability concern.

If the input isn’t NaN, then there is no portability concern.

If you don’t care about signaling-ness (very likely), then there is no portability concern.

Note that this function is distinct from as casting, which attempts to preserve the numeric value, and not the bitwise value.

Examples
let v = f64::from_bits(0x4029000000000000);
assert_eq!(v, 12.5);
Run
1.40.0 (const: unstable) · source

pub fn to_be_bytes(self) -> [u8; 8]

Return the memory representation of this floating point number as a byte array in big-endian (network) byte order.

See from_bits for some discussion of the portability of this operation (there are almost no issues).

Examples
let bytes = 12.5f64.to_be_bytes();
assert_eq!(bytes, [0x40, 0x29, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]);
Run
1.40.0 (const: unstable) · source

pub fn to_le_bytes(self) -> [u8; 8]

Return the memory representation of this floating point number as a byte array in little-endian byte order.

See from_bits for some discussion of the portability of this operation (there are almost no issues).

Examples
let bytes = 12.5f64.to_le_bytes();
assert_eq!(bytes, [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x29, 0x40]);
Run
1.40.0 (const: unstable) · source

pub fn to_ne_bytes(self) -> [u8; 8]

Return the memory representation of this floating point number as a byte array in native byte order.

As the target platform’s native endianness is used, portable code should use to_be_bytes or to_le_bytes, as appropriate, instead.

See from_bits for some discussion of the portability of this operation (there are almost no issues).

Examples
let bytes = 12.5f64.to_ne_bytes();
assert_eq!(
    bytes,
    if cfg!(target_endian = "big") {
        [0x40, 0x29, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]
    } else {
        [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x29, 0x40]
    }
);
Run
1.40.0 (const: unstable) · source

pub fn from_be_bytes(bytes: [u8; 8]) -> f64

Create a floating point value from its representation as a byte array in big endian.

See from_bits for some discussion of the portability of this operation (there are almost no issues).

Examples
let value = f64::from_be_bytes([0x40, 0x29, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]);
assert_eq!(value, 12.5);
Run
1.40.0 (const: unstable) · source

pub fn from_le_bytes(bytes: [u8; 8]) -> f64

Create a floating point value from its representation as a byte array in little endian.

See from_bits for some discussion of the portability of this operation (there are almost no issues).

Examples
let value = f64::from_le_bytes([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x29, 0x40]);
assert_eq!(value, 12.5);
Run
1.40.0 (const: unstable) · source

pub fn from_ne_bytes(bytes: [u8; 8]) -> f64

Create a floating point value from its representation as a byte array in native endian.

As the target platform’s native endianness is used, portable code likely wants to use from_be_bytes or from_le_bytes, as appropriate instead.

See from_bits for some discussion of the portability of this operation (there are almost no issues).

Examples
let value = f64::from_ne_bytes(if cfg!(target_endian = "big") {
    [0x40, 0x29, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]
} else {
    [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x29, 0x40]
});
assert_eq!(value, 12.5);
Run
1.62.0 · source

pub fn total_cmp(&self, other: &f64) -> Ordering

Return the ordering between self and other.

Unlike the standard partial comparison between floating point numbers, this comparison always produces an ordering in accordance to the totalOrder predicate as defined in the IEEE 754 (2008 revision) floating point standard. The values are ordered in the following sequence:

  • negative quiet NaN
  • negative signaling NaN
  • negative infinity
  • negative numbers
  • negative subnormal numbers
  • negative zero
  • positive zero
  • positive subnormal numbers
  • positive numbers
  • positive infinity
  • positive signaling NaN
  • positive quiet NaN.

The ordering established by this function does not always agree with the PartialOrd and PartialEq implementations of f64. For example, they consider negative and positive zero equal, while total_cmp doesn’t.

The interpretation of the signaling NaN bit follows the definition in the IEEE 754 standard, which may not match the interpretation by some of the older, non-conformant (e.g. MIPS) hardware implementations.

Example
struct GoodBoy {
    name: String,
    weight: f64,
}

let mut bois = vec![
    GoodBoy { name: "Pucci".to_owned(), weight: 0.1 },
    GoodBoy { name: "Woofer".to_owned(), weight: 99.0 },
    GoodBoy { name: "Yapper".to_owned(), weight: 10.0 },
    GoodBoy { name: "Chonk".to_owned(), weight: f64::INFINITY },
    GoodBoy { name: "Abs. Unit".to_owned(), weight: f64::NAN },
    GoodBoy { name: "Floaty".to_owned(), weight: -5.0 },
];

bois.sort_by(|a, b| a.weight.total_cmp(&b.weight));

// `f64::NAN` could be positive or negative, which will affect the sort order.
if f64::NAN.is_sign_negative() {
    assert!(bois.into_iter().map(|b| b.weight)
        .zip([f64::NAN, -5.0, 0.1, 10.0, 99.0, f64::INFINITY].iter())
        .all(|(a, b)| a.to_bits() == b.to_bits()))
} else {
    assert!(bois.into_iter().map(|b| b.weight)
        .zip([-5.0, 0.1, 10.0, 99.0, f64::INFINITY, f64::NAN].iter())
        .all(|(a, b)| a.to_bits() == b.to_bits()))
}
Run
1.50.0 · source

pub fn clamp(self, min: f64, max: f64) -> f64

Restrict a value to a certain interval unless it is NaN.

Returns max if self is greater than max, and min if self is less than min. Otherwise this returns self.

Note that this function returns NaN if the initial value was NaN as well.

Panics

Panics if min > max, min is NaN, or max is NaN.

Examples
assert!((-3.0f64).clamp(-2.0, 1.0) == -2.0);
assert!((0.0f64).clamp(-2.0, 1.0) == 0.0);
assert!((2.0f64).clamp(-2.0, 1.0) == 1.0);
assert!((f64::NAN).clamp(-2.0, 1.0).is_nan());
Run

Trait Implementations§

source§

impl Add<&f64> for &f64

§

type Output = <f64 as Add>::Output

The resulting type after applying the + operator.
source§

fn add(self, other: &f64) -> <f64 as Add>::Output

Performs the + operation. Read more
source§

impl Add<&f64> for f64

§

type Output = <f64 as Add>::Output

The resulting type after applying the + operator.
source§

fn add(self, other: &f64) -> <f64 as Add>::Output

Performs the + operation. Read more
source§

impl<'a> Add<f64> for &'a f64

§

type Output = <f64 as Add>::Output

The resulting type after applying the + operator.
source§

fn add(self, other: f64) -> <f64 as Add>::Output

Performs the + operation. Read more
source§

impl Add for f64

§

type Output = f64

The resulting type after applying the + operator.
source§

fn add(self, other: f64) -> f64

Performs the + operation. Read more
1.22.0 · source§

impl AddAssign<&f64> for f64

source§

fn add_assign(&mut self, other: &f64)

Performs the += operation. Read more
1.8.0 · source§

impl AddAssign for f64

source§

fn add_assign(&mut self, other: f64)

Performs the += operation. Read more
source§

impl Clone for f64

source§

fn clone(&self) -> f64

Returns a copy of the value. Read more
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fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source. Read more
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impl Debug for f64

source§

fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more
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impl Default for f64

source§

fn default() -> f64

Returns the default value of 0.0

source§

impl Display for f64

source§

fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more
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impl Div<&f64> for &f64

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type Output = <f64 as Div>::Output

The resulting type after applying the / operator.
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fn div(self, other: &f64) -> <f64 as Div>::Output

Performs the / operation. Read more
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impl Div<&f64> for f64

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type Output = <f64 as Div>::Output

The resulting type after applying the / operator.
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fn div(self, other: &f64) -> <f64 as Div>::Output

Performs the / operation. Read more
source§

impl<'a> Div<f64> for &'a f64

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type Output = <f64 as Div>::Output

The resulting type after applying the / operator.
source§

fn div(self, other: f64) -> <f64 as Div>::Output

Performs the / operation. Read more
source§

impl Div for f64

§

type Output = f64

The resulting type after applying the / operator.
source§

fn div(self, other: f64) -> f64

Performs the / operation. Read more
1.22.0 · source§

impl DivAssign<&f64> for f64

source§

fn div_assign(&mut self, other: &f64)

Performs the /= operation. Read more
1.8.0 · source§

impl DivAssign for f64

source§

fn div_assign(&mut self, other: f64)

Performs the /= operation. Read more
1.68.0 · source§

impl From<bool> for f64

source§

fn from(small: bool) -> f64

Converts bool to f64 losslessly. The resulting value is positive 0.0 for false and 1.0 for true values.

Examples
let x: f64 = false.into();
assert_eq!(x, 0.0);
assert!(x.is_sign_positive());

let y: f64 = true.into();
assert_eq!(y, 1.0);
Run
1.6.0 · source§

impl From<f32> for f64

source§

fn from(small: f32) -> f64

Converts f32 to f64 losslessly.

1.6.0 · source§

impl From<i16> for f64

source§

fn from(small: i16) -> f64

Converts i16 to f64 losslessly.

1.6.0 · source§

impl From<i32> for f64

source§

fn from(small: i32) -> f64

Converts i32 to f64 losslessly.

1.6.0 · source§

impl From<i8> for f64

source§

fn from(small: i8) -> f64

Converts i8 to f64 losslessly.

1.6.0 · source§

impl From<u16> for f64

source§

fn from(small: u16) -> f64

Converts u16 to f64 losslessly.

1.6.0 · source§

impl From<u32> for f64

source§

fn from(small: u32) -> f64

Converts u32 to f64 losslessly.

1.6.0 · source§

impl From<u8> for f64

source§

fn from(small: u8) -> f64

Converts u8 to f64 losslessly.

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impl FromStr for f64

source§

fn from_str(src: &str) -> Result<f64, ParseFloatError>

Converts a string in base 10 to a float. Accepts an optional decimal exponent.

This function accepts strings such as

  • ‘3.14’
  • ‘-3.14’
  • ‘2.5E10’, or equivalently, ‘2.5e10’
  • ‘2.5E-10’
  • ‘5.’
  • ‘.5’, or, equivalently, ‘0.5’
  • ‘inf’, ‘-inf’, ‘+infinity’, ‘NaN’

Note that alphabetical characters are not case-sensitive.

Leading and trailing whitespace represent an error.

Grammar

All strings that adhere to the following EBNF grammar when lowercased will result in an Ok being returned:

Float  ::= Sign? ( 'inf' | 'infinity' | 'nan' | Number )
Number ::= ( Digit+ |
             Digit+ '.' Digit* |
             Digit* '.' Digit+ ) Exp?
Exp    ::= 'e' Sign? Digit+
Sign   ::= [+-]
Digit  ::= [0-9]
Arguments
  • src - A string
Return value

Err(ParseFloatError) if the string did not represent a valid number. Otherwise, Ok(n) where n is the closest representable floating-point number to the number represented by src (following the same rules for rounding as for the results of primitive operations).

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type Err = ParseFloatError

The associated error which can be returned from parsing.
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impl LowerExp for f64

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fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter.
source§

impl Mul<&f64> for &f64

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type Output = <f64 as Mul>::Output

The resulting type after applying the * operator.
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fn mul(self, other: &f64) -> <f64 as Mul>::Output

Performs the * operation. Read more
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impl Mul<&f64> for f64

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type Output = <f64 as Mul>::Output

The resulting type after applying the * operator.
source§

fn mul(self, other: &f64) -> <f64 as Mul>::Output

Performs the * operation. Read more
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impl<'a> Mul<f64> for &'a f64

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type Output = <f64 as Mul>::Output

The resulting type after applying the * operator.
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fn mul(self, other: f64) -> <f64 as Mul>::Output

Performs the * operation. Read more
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impl Mul for f64

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type Output = f64

The resulting type after applying the * operator.
source§

fn mul(self, other: f64) -> f64

Performs the * operation. Read more
1.22.0 · source§

impl MulAssign<&f64> for f64

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fn mul_assign(&mut self, other: &f64)

Performs the *= operation. Read more
1.8.0 · source§

impl MulAssign for f64

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fn mul_assign(&mut self, other: f64)

Performs the *= operation. Read more
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impl Neg for &f64

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type Output = <f64 as Neg>::Output

The resulting type after applying the - operator.
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fn neg(self) -> <f64 as Neg>::Output

Performs the unary - operation. Read more
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impl Neg for f64

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type Output = f64

The resulting type after applying the - operator.
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fn neg(self) -> f64

Performs the unary - operation. Read more
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impl PartialEq for f64

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fn eq(&self, other: &f64) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.
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fn ne(&self, other: &f64) -> bool

This method tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
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impl PartialOrd for f64

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fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &f64) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between self and other values if one exists. Read more
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fn lt(&self, other: &f64) -> bool

This method tests less than (for self and other) and is used by the < operator. Read more
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fn le(&self, other: &f64) -> bool

This method tests less than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the <= operator. Read more
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fn ge(&self, other: &f64) -> bool

This method tests greater than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the >= operator. Read more
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fn gt(&self, other: &f64) -> bool

This method tests greater than (for self and other) and is used by the > operator. Read more
1.12.0 · source§

impl<'a> Product<&'a f64> for f64

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fn product<I>(iter: I) -> f64where I: Iterator<Item = &'a f64>,

Method which takes an iterator and generates Self from the elements by multiplying the items.
1.12.0 · source§

impl Product for f64

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fn product<I>(iter: I) -> f64where I: Iterator<Item = f64>,

Method which takes an iterator and generates Self from the elements by multiplying the items.
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impl Rem<&f64> for &f64

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type Output = <f64 as Rem>::Output

The resulting type after applying the % operator.
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fn rem(self, other: &f64) -> <f64 as Rem>::Output

Performs the % operation. Read more
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impl Rem<&f64> for f64

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type Output = <f64 as Rem>::Output

The resulting type after applying the % operator.
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fn rem(self, other: &f64) -> <f64 as Rem>::Output

Performs the % operation. Read more
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impl<'a> Rem<f64> for &'a f64

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type Output = <f64 as Rem>::Output

The resulting type after applying the % operator.
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fn rem(self, other: f64) -> <f64 as Rem>::Output

Performs the % operation. Read more
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impl Rem for f64

The remainder from the division of two floats.

The remainder has the same sign as the dividend and is computed as: x - (x / y).trunc() * y.

Examples

let x: f32 = 50.50;
let y: f32 = 8.125;
let remainder = x - (x / y).trunc() * y;

// The answer to both operations is 1.75
assert_eq!(x % y, remainder);
Run
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type Output = f64

The resulting type after applying the % operator.
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fn rem(self, other: f64) -> f64

Performs the % operation. Read more
1.22.0 · source§

impl RemAssign<&f64> for f64

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fn rem_assign(&mut self, other: &f64)

Performs the %= operation. Read more
1.8.0 · source§

impl RemAssign for f64

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fn rem_assign(&mut self, other: f64)

Performs the %= operation. Read more
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impl SimdElement for f64

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type Mask = i64

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (portable_simd #86656)
The mask element type corresponding to this element type.
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impl Sub<&f64> for &f64

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type Output = <f64 as Sub>::Output

The resulting type after applying the - operator.
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fn sub(self, other: &f64) -> <f64 as Sub>::Output

Performs the - operation. Read more
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impl Sub<&f64> for f64

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type Output = <f64 as Sub>::Output

The resulting type after applying the - operator.
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fn sub(self, other: &f64) -> <f64 as Sub>::Output

Performs the - operation. Read more
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impl<'a> Sub<f64> for &'a f64

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type Output = <f64 as Sub>::Output

The resulting type after applying the - operator.
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fn sub(self, other: f64) -> <f64 as Sub>::Output

Performs the - operation. Read more
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impl Sub for f64

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type Output = f64

The resulting type after applying the - operator.
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fn sub(self, other: f64) -> f64

Performs the - operation. Read more
1.22.0 · source§

impl SubAssign<&f64> for f64

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fn sub_assign(&mut self, other: &f64)

Performs the -= operation. Read more
1.8.0 · source§

impl SubAssign for f64

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fn sub_assign(&mut self, other: f64)

Performs the -= operation. Read more
1.12.0 · source§

impl<'a> Sum<&'a f64> for f64

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fn sum<I>(iter: I) -> f64where I: Iterator<Item = &'a f64>,

Method which takes an iterator and generates Self from the elements by “summing up” the items.
1.12.0 · source§

impl Sum for f64

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fn sum<I>(iter: I) -> f64where I: Iterator<Item = f64>,

Method which takes an iterator and generates Self from the elements by “summing up” the items.
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impl UpperExp for f64

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fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter.
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impl Copy for f64

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impl FloatToInt<i128> for f64

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impl FloatToInt<i16> for f64

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impl FloatToInt<i32> for f64

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impl FloatToInt<i64> for f64

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impl FloatToInt<i8> for f64

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impl FloatToInt<isize> for f64

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impl FloatToInt<u128> for f64

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impl FloatToInt<u16> for f64

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impl FloatToInt<u32> for f64

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impl FloatToInt<u64> for f64

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impl FloatToInt<u8> for f64

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impl FloatToInt<usize> for f64

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impl SimdCast for f64

Auto Trait Implementations§

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impl RefUnwindSafe for f64

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impl Send for f64

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impl Sync for f64

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impl Unpin for f64

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impl UnwindSafe for f64

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impl<T> Any for Twhere T: 'static + ?Sized,

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fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId

Gets the TypeId of self. Read more
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impl<T> Borrow<T> for Twhere T: ?Sized,

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fn borrow(&self) -> &T

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
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impl<T> BorrowMut<T> for Twhere T: ?Sized,

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fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T

Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
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impl<T> From<T> for T

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fn from(t: T) -> T

Returns the argument unchanged.

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impl<T, U> Into<U> for Twhere U: From<T>,

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fn into(self) -> U

Calls U::from(self).

That is, this conversion is whatever the implementation of From<T> for U chooses to do.

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impl<T> ToOwned for Twhere T: Clone,

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type Owned = T

The resulting type after obtaining ownership.
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fn to_owned(&self) -> T

Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning. Read more
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fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut T)

Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning. Read more
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impl<T> ToString for Twhere T: Display + ?Sized,

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default fn to_string(&self) -> String

Converts the given value to a String. Read more
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impl<T, U> TryFrom<U> for Twhere U: Into<T>,

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type Error = Infallible

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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fn try_from(value: U) -> Result<T, <T as TryFrom<U>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.
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impl<T, U> TryInto<U> for Twhere U: TryFrom<T>,

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type Error = <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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fn try_into(self) -> Result<U, <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.