Type Alias image::GrayAlphaImage

pub type GrayAlphaImage = ImageBuffer<LumaA<u8>, Vec<u8>>;

Sendable grayscale + alpha channel image buffer

Aliased Type

struct GrayAlphaImage { /* private fields */ }

Implementations

impl<P, Container> ImageBuffer<P, Container>where P: Pixel, Container: Deref<Target = [P::Subpixel]>,

pub fn from_raw( width: u32, height: u32, buf: Container ) -> Option<ImageBuffer<P, Container>>

Constructs a buffer from a generic container (for example a Vec or a slice)

Returns None if the container is not big enough (including when the image dimensions necessitate an allocation of more bytes than supported by the container).

pub fn into_raw(self) -> Container

Returns the underlying raw buffer

pub fn as_raw(&self) -> &Container

Returns the underlying raw buffer

pub fn dimensions(&self) -> (u32, u32)

The width and height of this image.

pub fn width(&self) -> u32

The width of this image.

pub fn height(&self) -> u32

The height of this image.

pub fn pixels(&self) -> Pixels<'_, P>

Returns an iterator over the pixels of this image. The iteration order is x = 0 to width then y = 0 to height

pub fn rows(&self) -> Rows<'_, P>

Returns an iterator over the rows of this image.

Only non-empty rows can be iterated in this manner. In particular the iterator will not yield any item when the width of the image is 0 or a pixel type without any channels is used. This ensures that its length can always be represented by usize.

pub fn enumerate_pixels(&self) -> EnumeratePixels<'_, P>

Enumerates over the pixels of the image. The iterator yields the coordinates of each pixel along with a reference to them. The iteration order is x = 0 to width then y = 0 to height Starting from the top left.

pub fn enumerate_rows(&self) -> EnumerateRows<'_, P>

Enumerates over the rows of the image. The iterator yields the y-coordinate of each row along with a reference to them.

pub fn get_pixel(&self, x: u32, y: u32) -> &P

Gets a reference to the pixel at location (x, y)

Panics

Panics if (x, y) is out of the bounds (width, height).

pub fn get_pixel_checked(&self, x: u32, y: u32) -> Option<&P>

Gets a reference to the pixel at location (x, y) or returns None if the index is out of the bounds (width, height).

pub fn sample_layout(&self) -> SampleLayout

Get the format of the buffer when viewed as a matrix of samples.

pub fn into_flat_samples(self) -> FlatSamples<Container>where Container: AsRef<[P::Subpixel]>,

Return the raw sample buffer with its stride an dimension information.

The returned buffer is guaranteed to be well formed in all cases. It is laid out by colors, width then height, meaning channel_stride <= width_stride <= height_stride. All strides are in numbers of elements but those are mostly u8 in which case the strides are also byte strides.

pub fn as_flat_samples(&self) -> FlatSamples<&[P::Subpixel]>where Container: AsRef<[P::Subpixel]>,

Return a view on the raw sample buffer.

See into_flat_samples for more details.

pub fn as_flat_samples_mut(&mut self) -> FlatSamples<&mut [P::Subpixel]>where Container: AsMut<[P::Subpixel]>,

Return a mutable view on the raw sample buffer.

See into_flat_samples for more details.

impl<P, Container> ImageBuffer<P, Container>where P: Pixel, Container: Deref<Target = [P::Subpixel]> + DerefMut,

pub fn pixels_mut(&mut self) -> PixelsMut<'_, P>

Returns an iterator over the mutable pixels of this image.

pub fn rows_mut(&mut self) -> RowsMut<'_, P>

Returns an iterator over the mutable rows of this image.

Only non-empty rows can be iterated in this manner. In particular the iterator will not yield any item when the width of the image is 0 or a pixel type without any channels is used. This ensures that its length can always be represented by usize.

pub fn enumerate_pixels_mut(&mut self) -> EnumeratePixelsMut<'_, P>

Enumerates over the pixels of the image. The iterator yields the coordinates of each pixel along with a mutable reference to them.

pub fn enumerate_rows_mut(&mut self) -> EnumerateRowsMut<'_, P>

Enumerates over the rows of the image. The iterator yields the y-coordinate of each row along with a mutable reference to them.

pub fn get_pixel_mut(&mut self, x: u32, y: u32) -> &mut P

Gets a reference to the mutable pixel at location (x, y)

Panics

Panics if (x, y) is out of the bounds (width, height).

pub fn get_pixel_mut_checked(&mut self, x: u32, y: u32) -> Option<&mut P>

Gets a reference to the mutable pixel at location (x, y) or returns None if the index is out of the bounds (width, height).

pub fn put_pixel(&mut self, x: u32, y: u32, pixel: P)

Puts a pixel at location (x, y)

Panics

Panics if (x, y) is out of the bounds (width, height).

impl<P, Container> ImageBuffer<P, Container>where P: Pixel, [P::Subpixel]: EncodableLayout, Container: Deref<Target = [P::Subpixel]>,

pub fn save<Q>(&self, path: Q) -> ImageResult<()>where Q: AsRef<Path>, P: PixelWithColorType,

Saves the buffer to a file at the path specified.

The image format is derived from the file extension.

impl<P, Container> ImageBuffer<P, Container>where P: Pixel, [P::Subpixel]: EncodableLayout, Container: Deref<Target = [P::Subpixel]>,

pub fn save_with_format<Q>( &self, path: Q, format: ImageFormat ) -> ImageResult<()>where Q: AsRef<Path>, P: PixelWithColorType,

Saves the buffer to a file at the specified path in the specified format.

See save_buffer_with_format for supported types.

impl<P, Container> ImageBuffer<P, Container>where P: Pixel, [P::Subpixel]: EncodableLayout, Container: Deref<Target = [P::Subpixel]>,

pub fn write_to<W, F>(&self, writer: &mut W, format: F) -> ImageResult<()>where W: Write + Seek, F: Into<ImageOutputFormat>, P: PixelWithColorType,

Writes the buffer to a writer in the specified format.

Assumes the writer is buffered. In most cases, you should wrap your writer in a BufWriter for best performance.

See ImageOutputFormat for supported types.

impl<P, Container> ImageBuffer<P, Container>where P: Pixel, [P::Subpixel]: EncodableLayout, Container: Deref<Target = [P::Subpixel]>,

pub fn write_with_encoder<E>(&self, encoder: E) -> ImageResult<()>where E: ImageEncoder, P: PixelWithColorType,

Writes the buffer with the given encoder.

impl<P: Pixel> ImageBuffer<P, Vec<P::Subpixel>>

pub fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> ImageBuffer<P, Vec<P::Subpixel>>

Creates a new image buffer based on a Vec<P::Subpixel>.

Panics

Panics when the resulting image is larger than the maximum size of a vector.

pub fn from_pixel( width: u32, height: u32, pixel: P ) -> ImageBuffer<P, Vec<P::Subpixel>>

Constructs a new ImageBuffer by copying a pixel

Panics

Panics when the resulting image is larger the the maximum size of a vector.

pub fn from_fn<F>( width: u32, height: u32, f: F ) -> ImageBuffer<P, Vec<P::Subpixel>>where F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> P,

Constructs a new ImageBuffer by repeated application of the supplied function.

The arguments to the function are the pixel’s x and y coordinates.

Panics

Panics when the resulting image is larger the the maximum size of a vector.

pub fn from_vec( width: u32, height: u32, buf: Vec<P::Subpixel> ) -> Option<ImageBuffer<P, Vec<P::Subpixel>>>

Creates an image buffer out of an existing buffer. Returns None if the buffer is not big enough.

pub fn into_vec(self) -> Vec<P::Subpixel>

Consumes the image buffer and returns the underlying data as an owned buffer

Methods from Deref<Target = [P::Subpixel]>

pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (ascii_char)

Views this slice of ASCII characters as a UTF-8 str.

pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (ascii_char)

Views this slice of ASCII characters as a slice of u8 bytes.

pub fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool

Checks if all bytes in this slice are within the ASCII range.

pub fn as_ascii(&self) -> Option<&[AsciiChar]>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (ascii_char)

If this slice is_ascii, returns it as a slice of ASCII characters, otherwise returns None.

pub unsafe fn as_ascii_unchecked(&self) -> &[AsciiChar]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (ascii_char)

Converts this slice of bytes into a slice of ASCII characters, without checking whether they’re valid.

Safety

Every byte in the slice must be in 0..=127, or else this is UB.

pub fn eq_ignore_ascii_case(&self, other: &[u8]) -> bool

Checks that two slices are an ASCII case-insensitive match.

Same as to_ascii_lowercase(a) == to_ascii_lowercase(b), but without allocating and copying temporaries.

pub fn make_ascii_uppercase(&mut self)

Converts this slice to its ASCII upper case equivalent in-place.

ASCII letters ‘a’ to ‘z’ are mapped to ‘A’ to ‘Z’, but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.

To return a new uppercased value without modifying the existing one, use to_ascii_uppercase.

pub fn make_ascii_lowercase(&mut self)

Converts this slice to its ASCII lower case equivalent in-place.

ASCII letters ‘A’ to ‘Z’ are mapped to ‘a’ to ‘z’, but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.

To return a new lowercased value without modifying the existing one, use to_ascii_lowercase.

pub fn escape_ascii(&self) -> EscapeAscii<'_>

Returns an iterator that produces an escaped version of this slice, treating it as an ASCII string.

Examples

let s = b"0\t\r\n'\"\\\x9d";
let escaped = s.escape_ascii().to_string();
assert_eq!(escaped, "0\\t\\r\\n\\'\\\"\\\\\\x9d");

pub fn trim_ascii_start(&self) -> &[u8]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (byte_slice_trim_ascii)

Returns a byte slice with leading ASCII whitespace bytes removed.

‘Whitespace’ refers to the definition used by u8::is_ascii_whitespace.

Examples

#![feature(byte_slice_trim_ascii)]

assert_eq!(b" \t hello world\n".trim_ascii_start(), b"hello world\n");
assert_eq!(b"  ".trim_ascii_start(), b"");
assert_eq!(b"".trim_ascii_start(), b"");

pub fn trim_ascii_end(&self) -> &[u8]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (byte_slice_trim_ascii)

Returns a byte slice with trailing ASCII whitespace bytes removed.

‘Whitespace’ refers to the definition used by u8::is_ascii_whitespace.

Examples

#![feature(byte_slice_trim_ascii)]

assert_eq!(b"\r hello world\n ".trim_ascii_end(), b"\r hello world");
assert_eq!(b"  ".trim_ascii_end(), b"");
assert_eq!(b"".trim_ascii_end(), b"");

pub fn trim_ascii(&self) -> &[u8]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (byte_slice_trim_ascii)

Returns a byte slice with leading and trailing ASCII whitespace bytes removed.

‘Whitespace’ refers to the definition used by u8::is_ascii_whitespace.

Examples

#![feature(byte_slice_trim_ascii)]

assert_eq!(b"\r hello world\n ".trim_ascii(), b"hello world");
assert_eq!(b"  ".trim_ascii(), b"");
assert_eq!(b"".trim_ascii(), b"");

pub fn len(&self) -> usize

Returns the number of elements in the slice.

Examples

let a = [1, 2, 3];
assert_eq!(a.len(), 3);

pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool

Returns true if the slice has a length of 0.

Examples

let a = [1, 2, 3];
assert!(!a.is_empty());

pub fn first(&self) -> Option<&T>

Returns the first element of the slice, or None if it is empty.

Examples

let v = [10, 40, 30];
assert_eq!(Some(&10), v.first());

let w: &[i32] = &[];
assert_eq!(None, w.first());

pub fn first_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>

Returns a mutable pointer to the first element of the slice, or None if it is empty.

Examples

let x = &mut [0, 1, 2];

if let Some(first) = x.first_mut() {
    *first = 5;
}
assert_eq!(x, &[5, 1, 2]);

pub fn split_first(&self) -> Option<(&T, &[T])>

Returns the first and all the rest of the elements of the slice, or None if it is empty.

Examples

let x = &[0, 1, 2];

if let Some((first, elements)) = x.split_first() {
    assert_eq!(first, &0);
    assert_eq!(elements, &[1, 2]);
}

pub fn split_first_mut(&mut self) -> Option<(&mut T, &mut [T])>

Returns the first and all the rest of the elements of the slice, or None if it is empty.

Examples

let x = &mut [0, 1, 2];

if let Some((first, elements)) = x.split_first_mut() {
    *first = 3;
    elements[0] = 4;
    elements[1] = 5;
}
assert_eq!(x, &[3, 4, 5]);

pub fn split_last(&self) -> Option<(&T, &[T])>

Returns the last and all the rest of the elements of the slice, or None if it is empty.

Examples

let x = &[0, 1, 2];

if let Some((last, elements)) = x.split_last() {
    assert_eq!(last, &2);
    assert_eq!(elements, &[0, 1]);
}

pub fn split_last_mut(&mut self) -> Option<(&mut T, &mut [T])>

Returns the last and all the rest of the elements of the slice, or None if it is empty.

Examples

let x = &mut [0, 1, 2];

if let Some((last, elements)) = x.split_last_mut() {
    *last = 3;
    elements[0] = 4;
    elements[1] = 5;
}
assert_eq!(x, &[4, 5, 3]);

pub fn last(&self) -> Option<&T>

Returns the last element of the slice, or None if it is empty.

Examples

let v = [10, 40, 30];
assert_eq!(Some(&30), v.last());

let w: &[i32] = &[];
assert_eq!(None, w.last());

pub fn last_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>

Returns a mutable pointer to the last item in the slice.

Examples

let x = &mut [0, 1, 2];

if let Some(last) = x.last_mut() {
    *last = 10;
}
assert_eq!(x, &[0, 1, 10]);

pub fn first_chunk<const N: usize>(&self) -> Option<&[T; N]>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_first_last_chunk)

Returns the first N elements of the slice, or None if it has fewer than N elements.

Examples

#![feature(slice_first_last_chunk)]

let u = [10, 40, 30];
assert_eq!(Some(&[10, 40]), u.first_chunk::<2>());

let v: &[i32] = &[10];
assert_eq!(None, v.first_chunk::<2>());

let w: &[i32] = &[];
assert_eq!(Some(&[]), w.first_chunk::<0>());

pub fn first_chunk_mut<const N: usize>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut [T; N]>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_first_last_chunk)

Returns a mutable reference to the first N elements of the slice, or None if it has fewer than N elements.

Examples

#![feature(slice_first_last_chunk)]

let x = &mut [0, 1, 2];

if let Some(first) = x.first_chunk_mut::<2>() {
    first[0] = 5;
    first[1] = 4;
}
assert_eq!(x, &[5, 4, 2]);

pub fn split_first_chunk<const N: usize>(&self) -> Option<(&[T; N], &[T])>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_first_last_chunk)

Returns the first N elements of the slice and the remainder, or None if it has fewer than N elements.

Examples

#![feature(slice_first_last_chunk)]

let x = &[0, 1, 2];

if let Some((first, elements)) = x.split_first_chunk::<2>() {
    assert_eq!(first, &[0, 1]);
    assert_eq!(elements, &[2]);
}

pub fn split_first_chunk_mut<const N: usize>( &mut self ) -> Option<(&mut [T; N], &mut [T])>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_first_last_chunk)

Returns a mutable reference to the first N elements of the slice and the remainder, or None if it has fewer than N elements.

Examples

#![feature(slice_first_last_chunk)]

let x = &mut [0, 1, 2];

if let Some((first, elements)) = x.split_first_chunk_mut::<2>() {
    first[0] = 3;
    first[1] = 4;
    elements[0] = 5;
}
assert_eq!(x, &[3, 4, 5]);

pub fn split_last_chunk<const N: usize>(&self) -> Option<(&[T; N], &[T])>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_first_last_chunk)

Returns the last N elements of the slice and the remainder, or None if it has fewer than N elements.

Examples

#![feature(slice_first_last_chunk)]

let x = &[0, 1, 2];

if let Some((last, elements)) = x.split_last_chunk::<2>() {
    assert_eq!(last, &[1, 2]);
    assert_eq!(elements, &[0]);
}

pub fn split_last_chunk_mut<const N: usize>( &mut self ) -> Option<(&mut [T; N], &mut [T])>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_first_last_chunk)

Returns the last and all the rest of the elements of the slice, or None if it is empty.

Examples

#![feature(slice_first_last_chunk)]

let x = &mut [0, 1, 2];

if let Some((last, elements)) = x.split_last_chunk_mut::<2>() {
    last[0] = 3;
    last[1] = 4;
    elements[0] = 5;
}
assert_eq!(x, &[5, 3, 4]);

pub fn last_chunk<const N: usize>(&self) -> Option<&[T; N]>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_first_last_chunk)

Returns the last element of the slice, or None if it is empty.

Examples

#![feature(slice_first_last_chunk)]

let u = [10, 40, 30];
assert_eq!(Some(&[40, 30]), u.last_chunk::<2>());

let v: &[i32] = &[10];
assert_eq!(None, v.last_chunk::<2>());

let w: &[i32] = &[];
assert_eq!(Some(&[]), w.last_chunk::<0>());

pub fn last_chunk_mut<const N: usize>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut [T; N]>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_first_last_chunk)

Returns a mutable pointer to the last item in the slice.

Examples

#![feature(slice_first_last_chunk)]

let x = &mut [0, 1, 2];

if let Some(last) = x.last_chunk_mut::<2>() {
    last[0] = 10;
    last[1] = 20;
}
assert_eq!(x, &[0, 10, 20]);

pub fn get<I>(&self, index: I) -> Option<&<I as SliceIndex<[T]>>::Output>where I: SliceIndex<[T]>,

Returns a reference to an element or subslice depending on the type of index.

• If given a position, returns a reference to the element at that position or None if out of bounds.
• If given a range, returns the subslice corresponding to that range, or None if out of bounds.

Examples

let v = [10, 40, 30];
assert_eq!(Some(&40), v.get(1));
assert_eq!(Some(&[10, 40][..]), v.get(0..2));
assert_eq!(None, v.get(3));
assert_eq!(None, v.get(0..4));

pub fn get_mut<I>( &mut self, index: I ) -> Option<&mut <I as SliceIndex<[T]>>::Output>where I: SliceIndex<[T]>,

Returns a mutable reference to an element or subslice depending on the type of index (see get) or None if the index is out of bounds.

Examples

let x = &mut [0, 1, 2];

if let Some(elem) = x.get_mut(1) {
    *elem = 42;
}
assert_eq!(x, &[0, 42, 2]);

pub unsafe fn get_unchecked<I>( &self, index: I ) -> &<I as SliceIndex<[T]>>::Outputwhere I: SliceIndex<[T]>,

Returns a reference to an element or subslice, without doing bounds checking.

For a safe alternative see get.

Safety

Calling this method with an out-of-bounds index is undefined behavior even if the resulting reference is not used.

Examples

let x = &[1, 2, 4];

unsafe {
    assert_eq!(x.get_unchecked(1), &2);
}

pub unsafe fn get_unchecked_mut<I>( &mut self, index: I ) -> &mut <I as SliceIndex<[T]>>::Outputwhere I: SliceIndex<[T]>,

Returns a mutable reference to an element or subslice, without doing bounds checking.

For a safe alternative see get_mut.

Safety

Calling this method with an out-of-bounds index is undefined behavior even if the resulting reference is not used.

Examples

let x = &mut [1, 2, 4];

unsafe {
    let elem = x.get_unchecked_mut(1);
    *elem = 13;
}
assert_eq!(x, &[1, 13, 4]);

pub fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const T

Returns a raw pointer to the slice’s buffer.

The caller must ensure that the slice outlives the pointer this function returns, or else it will end up pointing to garbage.

The caller must also ensure that the memory the pointer (non-transitively) points to is never written to (except inside an UnsafeCell) using this pointer or any pointer derived from it. If you need to mutate the contents of the slice, use as_mut_ptr.

Modifying the container referenced by this slice may cause its buffer to be reallocated, which would also make any pointers to it invalid.

Examples

let x = &[1, 2, 4];
let x_ptr = x.as_ptr();

unsafe {
    for i in 0..x.len() {
        assert_eq!(x.get_unchecked(i), &*x_ptr.add(i));
    }
}

pub fn as_mut_ptr(&mut self) -> *mut T

Returns an unsafe mutable pointer to the slice’s buffer.

The caller must ensure that the slice outlives the pointer this function returns, or else it will end up pointing to garbage.

Modifying the container referenced by this slice may cause its buffer to be reallocated, which would also make any pointers to it invalid.

Examples

let x = &mut [1, 2, 4];
let x_ptr = x.as_mut_ptr();

unsafe {
    for i in 0..x.len() {
        *x_ptr.add(i) += 2;
    }
}
assert_eq!(x, &[3, 4, 6]);

pub fn as_ptr_range(&self) -> Range<*const T>

Returns the two raw pointers spanning the slice.

The returned range is half-open, which means that the end pointer points one past the last element of the slice. This way, an empty slice is represented by two equal pointers, and the difference between the two pointers represents the size of the slice.

See as_ptr for warnings on using these pointers. The end pointer requires extra caution, as it does not point to a valid element in the slice.

This function is useful for interacting with foreign interfaces which use two pointers to refer to a range of elements in memory, as is common in C++.

It can also be useful to check if a pointer to an element refers to an element of this slice:

let a = [1, 2, 3];
let x = &a[1] as *const _;
let y = &5 as *const _;

assert!(a.as_ptr_range().contains(&x));
assert!(!a.as_ptr_range().contains(&y));

pub fn as_mut_ptr_range(&mut self) -> Range<*mut T>

Returns the two unsafe mutable pointers spanning the slice.

The returned range is half-open, which means that the end pointer points one past the last element of the slice. This way, an empty slice is represented by two equal pointers, and the difference between the two pointers represents the size of the slice.

See as_mut_ptr for warnings on using these pointers. The end pointer requires extra caution, as it does not point to a valid element in the slice.

This function is useful for interacting with foreign interfaces which use two pointers to refer to a range of elements in memory, as is common in C++.

pub fn swap(&mut self, a: usize, b: usize)

Swaps two elements in the slice.

If a equals to b, it’s guaranteed that elements won’t change value.

Arguments

• a - The index of the first element
• b - The index of the second element

Panics

Panics if a or b are out of bounds.

Examples

let mut v = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"];
v.swap(2, 4);
assert!(v == ["a", "b", "e", "d", "c"]);

pub unsafe fn swap_unchecked(&mut self, a: usize, b: usize)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_swap_unchecked)

Swaps two elements in the slice, without doing bounds checking.

For a safe alternative see swap.

Arguments

• a - The index of the first element
• b - The index of the second element

Safety

Calling this method with an out-of-bounds index is undefined behavior. The caller has to ensure that a < self.len() and b < self.len().

Examples

#![feature(slice_swap_unchecked)]

let mut v = ["a", "b", "c", "d"];
// SAFETY: we know that 1 and 3 are both indices of the slice
unsafe { v.swap_unchecked(1, 3) };
assert!(v == ["a", "d", "c", "b"]);

pub fn reverse(&mut self)

Reverses the order of elements in the slice, in place.

Examples

let mut v = [1, 2, 3];
v.reverse();
assert!(v == [3, 2, 1]);

pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over the slice.

The iterator yields all items from start to end.

Examples

let x = &[1, 2, 4];
let mut iterator = x.iter();

assert_eq!(iterator.next(), Some(&1));
assert_eq!(iterator.next(), Some(&2));
assert_eq!(iterator.next(), Some(&4));
assert_eq!(iterator.next(), None);

pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> IterMut<'_, T>

Returns an iterator that allows modifying each value.

The iterator yields all items from start to end.

Examples

let x = &mut [1, 2, 4];
for elem in x.iter_mut() {
    *elem += 2;
}
assert_eq!(x, &[3, 4, 6]);

pub fn windows(&self, size: usize) -> Windows<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over all contiguous windows of length size. The windows overlap. If the slice is shorter than size, the iterator returns no values.

Panics

Panics if size is 0.

Examples

let slice = ['r', 'u', 's', 't'];
let mut iter = slice.windows(2);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['r', 'u']);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['u', 's']);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['s', 't']);
assert!(iter.next().is_none());

If the slice is shorter than size:

let slice = ['f', 'o', 'o'];
let mut iter = slice.windows(4);
assert!(iter.next().is_none());

There’s no windows_mut, as that existing would let safe code violate the “only one &mut at a time to the same thing” rule. However, you can sometimes use Cell::as_slice_of_cells in conjunction with windows to accomplish something similar:

use std::cell::Cell;

let mut array = ['R', 'u', 's', 't', ' ', '2', '0', '1', '5'];
let slice = &mut array[..];
let slice_of_cells: &[Cell<char>] = Cell::from_mut(slice).as_slice_of_cells();
for w in slice_of_cells.windows(3) {
    Cell::swap(&w[0], &w[2]);
}
assert_eq!(array, ['s', 't', ' ', '2', '0', '1', '5', 'u', 'R']);

pub fn chunks(&self, chunk_size: usize) -> Chunks<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over chunk_size elements of the slice at a time, starting at the beginning of the slice.

The chunks are slices and do not overlap. If chunk_size does not divide the length of the slice, then the last chunk will not have length chunk_size.

See chunks_exact for a variant of this iterator that returns chunks of always exactly chunk_size elements, and rchunks for the same iterator but starting at the end of the slice.

Panics

Panics if chunk_size is 0.

Examples

let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
let mut iter = slice.chunks(2);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['l', 'o']);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['r', 'e']);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['m']);
assert!(iter.next().is_none());

pub fn chunks_mut(&mut self, chunk_size: usize) -> ChunksMut<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over chunk_size elements of the slice at a time, starting at the beginning of the slice.

The chunks are mutable slices, and do not overlap. If chunk_size does not divide the length of the slice, then the last chunk will not have length chunk_size.

See chunks_exact_mut for a variant of this iterator that returns chunks of always exactly chunk_size elements, and rchunks_mut for the same iterator but starting at the end of the slice.

Panics

Panics if chunk_size is 0.

Examples

let v = &mut [0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
let mut count = 1;

for chunk in v.chunks_mut(2) {
    for elem in chunk.iter_mut() {
        *elem += count;
    }
    count += 1;
}
assert_eq!(v, &[1, 1, 2, 2, 3]);

pub fn chunks_exact(&self, chunk_size: usize) -> ChunksExact<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over chunk_size elements of the slice at a time, starting at the beginning of the slice.

The chunks are slices and do not overlap. If chunk_size does not divide the length of the slice, then the last up to chunk_size-1 elements will be omitted and can be retrieved from the remainder function of the iterator.

Due to each chunk having exactly chunk_size elements, the compiler can often optimize the resulting code better than in the case of chunks.

See chunks for a variant of this iterator that also returns the remainder as a smaller chunk, and rchunks_exact for the same iterator but starting at the end of the slice.

Panics

Panics if chunk_size is 0.

Examples

let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
let mut iter = slice.chunks_exact(2);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['l', 'o']);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['r', 'e']);
assert!(iter.next().is_none());
assert_eq!(iter.remainder(), &['m']);

pub fn chunks_exact_mut(&mut self, chunk_size: usize) -> ChunksExactMut<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over chunk_size elements of the slice at a time, starting at the beginning of the slice.

The chunks are mutable slices, and do not overlap. If chunk_size does not divide the length of the slice, then the last up to chunk_size-1 elements will be omitted and can be retrieved from the into_remainder function of the iterator.

Due to each chunk having exactly chunk_size elements, the compiler can often optimize the resulting code better than in the case of chunks_mut.

See chunks_mut for a variant of this iterator that also returns the remainder as a smaller chunk, and rchunks_exact_mut for the same iterator but starting at the end of the slice.

Panics

Panics if chunk_size is 0.

Examples

let v = &mut [0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
let mut count = 1;

for chunk in v.chunks_exact_mut(2) {
    for elem in chunk.iter_mut() {
        *elem += count;
    }
    count += 1;
}
assert_eq!(v, &[1, 1, 2, 2, 0]);

pub unsafe fn as_chunks_unchecked<const N: usize>(&self) -> &[[T; N]]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_as_chunks)

Splits the slice into a slice of N-element arrays, assuming that there’s no remainder.

Safety

This may only be called when

• The slice splits exactly into N-element chunks (aka self.len() % N == 0).
• N != 0.

Examples

#![feature(slice_as_chunks)]
let slice: &[char] = &['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm', '!'];
let chunks: &[[char; 1]] =
    // SAFETY: 1-element chunks never have remainder
    unsafe { slice.as_chunks_unchecked() };
assert_eq!(chunks, &[['l'], ['o'], ['r'], ['e'], ['m'], ['!']]);
let chunks: &[[char; 3]] =
    // SAFETY: The slice length (6) is a multiple of 3
    unsafe { slice.as_chunks_unchecked() };
assert_eq!(chunks, &[['l', 'o', 'r'], ['e', 'm', '!']]);

// These would be unsound:
// let chunks: &[[_; 5]] = slice.as_chunks_unchecked() // The slice length is not a multiple of 5
// let chunks: &[[_; 0]] = slice.as_chunks_unchecked() // Zero-length chunks are never allowed

pub fn as_chunks<const N: usize>(&self) -> (&[[T; N]], &[T])

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_as_chunks)

Splits the slice into a slice of N-element arrays, starting at the beginning of the slice, and a remainder slice with length strictly less than N.

Panics

Panics if N is 0. This check will most probably get changed to a compile time error before this method gets stabilized.

Examples

#![feature(slice_as_chunks)]
let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
let (chunks, remainder) = slice.as_chunks();
assert_eq!(chunks, &[['l', 'o'], ['r', 'e']]);
assert_eq!(remainder, &['m']);

If you expect the slice to be an exact multiple, you can combine let-else with an empty slice pattern:

#![feature(slice_as_chunks)]
let slice = ['R', 'u', 's', 't'];
let (chunks, []) = slice.as_chunks::<2>() else {
    panic!("slice didn't have even length")
};
assert_eq!(chunks, &[['R', 'u'], ['s', 't']]);

pub fn as_rchunks<const N: usize>(&self) -> (&[T], &[[T; N]])

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_as_chunks)

Splits the slice into a slice of N-element arrays, starting at the end of the slice, and a remainder slice with length strictly less than N.

Panics

Panics if N is 0. This check will most probably get changed to a compile time error before this method gets stabilized.

Examples

#![feature(slice_as_chunks)]
let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
let (remainder, chunks) = slice.as_rchunks();
assert_eq!(remainder, &['l']);
assert_eq!(chunks, &[['o', 'r'], ['e', 'm']]);

pub fn array_chunks<const N: usize>(&self) -> ArrayChunks<'_, T, N>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (array_chunks)

Returns an iterator over N elements of the slice at a time, starting at the beginning of the slice.

The chunks are array references and do not overlap. If N does not divide the length of the slice, then the last up to N-1 elements will be omitted and can be retrieved from the remainder function of the iterator.

This method is the const generic equivalent of chunks_exact.

Panics

Panics if N is 0. This check will most probably get changed to a compile time error before this method gets stabilized.

Examples

#![feature(array_chunks)]
let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
let mut iter = slice.array_chunks();
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['l', 'o']);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['r', 'e']);
assert!(iter.next().is_none());
assert_eq!(iter.remainder(), &['m']);

pub unsafe fn as_chunks_unchecked_mut<const N: usize>( &mut self ) -> &mut [[T; N]]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_as_chunks)

Splits the slice into a slice of N-element arrays, assuming that there’s no remainder.

Safety

This may only be called when

• The slice splits exactly into N-element chunks (aka self.len() % N == 0).
• N != 0.

Examples

#![feature(slice_as_chunks)]
let slice: &mut [char] = &mut ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm', '!'];
let chunks: &mut [[char; 1]] =
    // SAFETY: 1-element chunks never have remainder
    unsafe { slice.as_chunks_unchecked_mut() };
chunks[0] = ['L'];
assert_eq!(chunks, &[['L'], ['o'], ['r'], ['e'], ['m'], ['!']]);
let chunks: &mut [[char; 3]] =
    // SAFETY: The slice length (6) is a multiple of 3
    unsafe { slice.as_chunks_unchecked_mut() };
chunks[1] = ['a', 'x', '?'];
assert_eq!(slice, &['L', 'o', 'r', 'a', 'x', '?']);

// These would be unsound:
// let chunks: &[[_; 5]] = slice.as_chunks_unchecked_mut() // The slice length is not a multiple of 5
// let chunks: &[[_; 0]] = slice.as_chunks_unchecked_mut() // Zero-length chunks are never allowed

pub fn as_chunks_mut<const N: usize>(&mut self) -> (&mut [[T; N]], &mut [T])

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_as_chunks)

Splits the slice into a slice of N-element arrays, starting at the beginning of the slice, and a remainder slice with length strictly less than N.

Panics

Panics if N is 0. This check will most probably get changed to a compile time error before this method gets stabilized.

Examples

#![feature(slice_as_chunks)]
let v = &mut [0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
let mut count = 1;

let (chunks, remainder) = v.as_chunks_mut();
remainder[0] = 9;
for chunk in chunks {
    *chunk = [count; 2];
    count += 1;
}
assert_eq!(v, &[1, 1, 2, 2, 9]);

pub fn as_rchunks_mut<const N: usize>(&mut self) -> (&mut [T], &mut [[T; N]])

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_as_chunks)

Splits the slice into a slice of N-element arrays, starting at the end of the slice, and a remainder slice with length strictly less than N.

Panics

Panics if N is 0. This check will most probably get changed to a compile time error before this method gets stabilized.

Examples

#![feature(slice_as_chunks)]
let v = &mut [0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
let mut count = 1;

let (remainder, chunks) = v.as_rchunks_mut();
remainder[0] = 9;
for chunk in chunks {
    *chunk = [count; 2];
    count += 1;
}
assert_eq!(v, &[9, 1, 1, 2, 2]);

pub fn array_chunks_mut<const N: usize>(&mut self) -> ArrayChunksMut<'_, T, N>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (array_chunks)

Returns an iterator over N elements of the slice at a time, starting at the beginning of the slice.

The chunks are mutable array references and do not overlap. If N does not divide the length of the slice, then the last up to N-1 elements will be omitted and can be retrieved from the into_remainder function of the iterator.

This method is the const generic equivalent of chunks_exact_mut.

Panics

Panics if N is 0. This check will most probably get changed to a compile time error before this method gets stabilized.

Examples

#![feature(array_chunks)]
let v = &mut [0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
let mut count = 1;

for chunk in v.array_chunks_mut() {
    *chunk = [count; 2];
    count += 1;
}
assert_eq!(v, &[1, 1, 2, 2, 0]);

pub fn array_windows<const N: usize>(&self) -> ArrayWindows<'_, T, N>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (array_windows)

Returns an iterator over overlapping windows of N elements of a slice, starting at the beginning of the slice.

This is the const generic equivalent of windows.

If N is greater than the size of the slice, it will return no windows.

Panics

Panics if N is 0. This check will most probably get changed to a compile time error before this method gets stabilized.

Examples

#![feature(array_windows)]
let slice = [0, 1, 2, 3];
let mut iter = slice.array_windows();
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[0, 1]);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[1, 2]);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[2, 3]);
assert!(iter.next().is_none());

pub fn rchunks(&self, chunk_size: usize) -> RChunks<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over chunk_size elements of the slice at a time, starting at the end of the slice.

The chunks are slices and do not overlap. If chunk_size does not divide the length of the slice, then the last chunk will not have length chunk_size.

See rchunks_exact for a variant of this iterator that returns chunks of always exactly chunk_size elements, and chunks for the same iterator but starting at the beginning of the slice.

Panics

Panics if chunk_size is 0.

Examples

let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
let mut iter = slice.rchunks(2);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['e', 'm']);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['o', 'r']);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['l']);
assert!(iter.next().is_none());

pub fn rchunks_mut(&mut self, chunk_size: usize) -> RChunksMut<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over chunk_size elements of the slice at a time, starting at the end of the slice.

The chunks are mutable slices, and do not overlap. If chunk_size does not divide the length of the slice, then the last chunk will not have length chunk_size.

See rchunks_exact_mut for a variant of this iterator that returns chunks of always exactly chunk_size elements, and chunks_mut for the same iterator but starting at the beginning of the slice.

Panics

Panics if chunk_size is 0.

Examples

let v = &mut [0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
let mut count = 1;

for chunk in v.rchunks_mut(2) {
    for elem in chunk.iter_mut() {
        *elem += count;
    }
    count += 1;
}
assert_eq!(v, &[3, 2, 2, 1, 1]);

pub fn rchunks_exact(&self, chunk_size: usize) -> RChunksExact<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over chunk_size elements of the slice at a time, starting at the end of the slice.

The chunks are slices and do not overlap. If chunk_size does not divide the length of the slice, then the last up to chunk_size-1 elements will be omitted and can be retrieved from the remainder function of the iterator.

Due to each chunk having exactly chunk_size elements, the compiler can often optimize the resulting code better than in the case of rchunks.

See rchunks for a variant of this iterator that also returns the remainder as a smaller chunk, and chunks_exact for the same iterator but starting at the beginning of the slice.

Panics

Panics if chunk_size is 0.

Examples

let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
let mut iter = slice.rchunks_exact(2);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['e', 'm']);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['o', 'r']);
assert!(iter.next().is_none());
assert_eq!(iter.remainder(), &['l']);

pub fn rchunks_exact_mut(&mut self, chunk_size: usize) -> RChunksExactMut<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over chunk_size elements of the slice at a time, starting at the end of the slice.

The chunks are mutable slices, and do not overlap. If chunk_size does not divide the length of the slice, then the last up to chunk_size-1 elements will be omitted and can be retrieved from the into_remainder function of the iterator.

Due to each chunk having exactly chunk_size elements, the compiler can often optimize the resulting code better than in the case of chunks_mut.

See rchunks_mut for a variant of this iterator that also returns the remainder as a smaller chunk, and chunks_exact_mut for the same iterator but starting at the beginning of the slice.

Panics

Panics if chunk_size is 0.

Examples

let v = &mut [0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
let mut count = 1;

for chunk in v.rchunks_exact_mut(2) {
    for elem in chunk.iter_mut() {
        *elem += count;
    }
    count += 1;
}
assert_eq!(v, &[0, 2, 2, 1, 1]);

pub fn group_by<F>(&self, pred: F) -> GroupBy<'_, T, F>where F: FnMut(&T, &T) -> bool,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_group_by)

Returns an iterator over the slice producing non-overlapping runs of elements using the predicate to separate them.

The predicate is called on two elements following themselves, it means the predicate is called on slice[0] and slice[1] then on slice[1] and slice[2] and so on.

Examples

#![feature(slice_group_by)]

let slice = &[1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2];

let mut iter = slice.group_by(|a, b| a == b);

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&[1, 1, 1][..]));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&[3, 3][..]));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&[2, 2, 2][..]));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);

This method can be used to extract the sorted subslices:

#![feature(slice_group_by)]

let slice = &[1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4];

let mut iter = slice.group_by(|a, b| a <= b);

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&[1, 1, 2, 3][..]));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&[2, 3][..]));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&[2, 3, 4][..]));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);

pub fn group_by_mut<F>(&mut self, pred: F) -> GroupByMut<'_, T, F>where F: FnMut(&T, &T) -> bool,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_group_by)

Returns an iterator over the slice producing non-overlapping mutable runs of elements using the predicate to separate them.

The predicate is called on two elements following themselves, it means the predicate is called on slice[0] and slice[1] then on slice[1] and slice[2] and so on.

Examples

#![feature(slice_group_by)]

let slice = &mut [1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2];

let mut iter = slice.group_by_mut(|a, b| a == b);

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&mut [1, 1, 1][..]));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&mut [3, 3][..]));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&mut [2, 2, 2][..]));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);

This method can be used to extract the sorted subslices:

#![feature(slice_group_by)]

let slice = &mut [1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4];

let mut iter = slice.group_by_mut(|a, b| a <= b);

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&mut [1, 1, 2, 3][..]));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&mut [2, 3][..]));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&mut [2, 3, 4][..]));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);

pub fn split_at(&self, mid: usize) -> (&[T], &[T])

Divides one slice into two at an index.

The first will contain all indices from [0, mid) (excluding the index mid itself) and the second will contain all indices from [mid, len) (excluding the index len itself).

Panics

Panics if mid > len.

Examples

let v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];

{
   let (left, right) = v.split_at(0);
   assert_eq!(left, []);
   assert_eq!(right, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
}

{
    let (left, right) = v.split_at(2);
    assert_eq!(left, [1, 2]);
    assert_eq!(right, [3, 4, 5, 6]);
}

{
    let (left, right) = v.split_at(6);
    assert_eq!(left, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
    assert_eq!(right, []);
}

pub fn split_at_mut(&mut self, mid: usize) -> (&mut [T], &mut [T])

Divides one mutable slice into two at an index.

The first will contain all indices from [0, mid) (excluding the index mid itself) and the second will contain all indices from [mid, len) (excluding the index len itself).

Panics

Panics if mid > len.

Examples

let mut v = [1, 0, 3, 0, 5, 6];
let (left, right) = v.split_at_mut(2);
assert_eq!(left, [1, 0]);
assert_eq!(right, [3, 0, 5, 6]);
left[1] = 2;
right[1] = 4;
assert_eq!(v, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);

pub unsafe fn split_at_unchecked(&self, mid: usize) -> (&[T], &[T])

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_split_at_unchecked)

Divides one slice into two at an index, without doing bounds checking.

The first will contain all indices from [0, mid) (excluding the index mid itself) and the second will contain all indices from [mid, len) (excluding the index len itself).

For a safe alternative see split_at.

Safety

Calling this method with an out-of-bounds index is undefined behavior even if the resulting reference is not used. The caller has to ensure that 0 <= mid <= self.len().

Examples

#![feature(slice_split_at_unchecked)]

let v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];

unsafe {
   let (left, right) = v.split_at_unchecked(0);
   assert_eq!(left, []);
   assert_eq!(right, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
}

unsafe {
    let (left, right) = v.split_at_unchecked(2);
    assert_eq!(left, [1, 2]);
    assert_eq!(right, [3, 4, 5, 6]);
}

unsafe {
    let (left, right) = v.split_at_unchecked(6);
    assert_eq!(left, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
    assert_eq!(right, []);
}

pub unsafe fn split_at_mut_unchecked( &mut self, mid: usize ) -> (&mut [T], &mut [T])

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_split_at_unchecked)

Divides one mutable slice into two at an index, without doing bounds checking.

The first will contain all indices from [0, mid) (excluding the index mid itself) and the second will contain all indices from [mid, len) (excluding the index len itself).

For a safe alternative see split_at_mut.

Safety

Calling this method with an out-of-bounds index is undefined behavior even if the resulting reference is not used. The caller has to ensure that 0 <= mid <= self.len().

Examples

#![feature(slice_split_at_unchecked)]

let mut v = [1, 0, 3, 0, 5, 6];
// scoped to restrict the lifetime of the borrows
unsafe {
    let (left, right) = v.split_at_mut_unchecked(2);
    assert_eq!(left, [1, 0]);
    assert_eq!(right, [3, 0, 5, 6]);
    left[1] = 2;
    right[1] = 4;
}
assert_eq!(v, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);

pub fn split_array_ref<const N: usize>(&self) -> (&[T; N], &[T])

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (split_array)

Divides one slice into an array and a remainder slice at an index.

The array will contain all indices from [0, N) (excluding the index N itself) and the slice will contain all indices from [N, len) (excluding the index len itself).

Panics

Panics if N > len.

Examples

#![feature(split_array)]

let v = &[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6][..];

{
   let (left, right) = v.split_array_ref::<0>();
   assert_eq!(left, &[]);
   assert_eq!(right, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
}

{
    let (left, right) = v.split_array_ref::<2>();
    assert_eq!(left, &[1, 2]);
    assert_eq!(right, [3, 4, 5, 6]);
}

{
    let (left, right) = v.split_array_ref::<6>();
    assert_eq!(left, &[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
    assert_eq!(right, []);
}

pub fn split_array_mut<const N: usize>(&mut self) -> (&mut [T; N], &mut [T])

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (split_array)

Divides one mutable slice into an array and a remainder slice at an index.

The array will contain all indices from [0, N) (excluding the index N itself) and the slice will contain all indices from [N, len) (excluding the index len itself).

Panics

Panics if N > len.

Examples

#![feature(split_array)]

let mut v = &mut [1, 0, 3, 0, 5, 6][..];
let (left, right) = v.split_array_mut::<2>();
assert_eq!(left, &mut [1, 0]);
assert_eq!(right, [3, 0, 5, 6]);
left[1] = 2;
right[1] = 4;
assert_eq!(v, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);

pub fn rsplit_array_ref<const N: usize>(&self) -> (&[T], &[T; N])

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (split_array)

Divides one slice into an array and a remainder slice at an index from the end.

The slice will contain all indices from [0, len - N) (excluding the index len - N itself) and the array will contain all indices from [len - N, len) (excluding the index len itself).

Panics

Panics if N > len.

Examples

#![feature(split_array)]

let v = &[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6][..];

{
   let (left, right) = v.rsplit_array_ref::<0>();
   assert_eq!(left, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
   assert_eq!(right, &[]);
}

{
    let (left, right) = v.rsplit_array_ref::<2>();
    assert_eq!(left, [1, 2, 3, 4]);
    assert_eq!(right, &[5, 6]);
}

{
    let (left, right) = v.rsplit_array_ref::<6>();
    assert_eq!(left, []);
    assert_eq!(right, &[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
}

pub fn rsplit_array_mut<const N: usize>(&mut self) -> (&mut [T], &mut [T; N])

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (split_array)

Divides one mutable slice into an array and a remainder slice at an index from the end.

The slice will contain all indices from [0, len - N) (excluding the index N itself) and the array will contain all indices from [len - N, len) (excluding the index len itself).

Panics

Panics if N > len.

Examples

#![feature(split_array)]

let mut v = &mut [1, 0, 3, 0, 5, 6][..];
let (left, right) = v.rsplit_array_mut::<4>();
assert_eq!(left, [1, 0]);
assert_eq!(right, &mut [3, 0, 5, 6]);
left[1] = 2;
right[1] = 4;
assert_eq!(v, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);

pub fn split<F>(&self, pred: F) -> Split<'_, T, F>where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns an iterator over subslices separated by elements that match pred. The matched element is not contained in the subslices.

Examples

let slice = [10, 40, 33, 20];
let mut iter = slice.split(|num| num % 3 == 0);

assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[10, 40]);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[20]);
assert!(iter.next().is_none());

If the first element is matched, an empty slice will be the first item returned by the iterator. Similarly, if the last element in the slice is matched, an empty slice will be the last item returned by the iterator:

let slice = [10, 40, 33];
let mut iter = slice.split(|num| num % 3 == 0);

assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[10, 40]);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[]);
assert!(iter.next().is_none());

If two matched elements are directly adjacent, an empty slice will be present between them:

let slice = [10, 6, 33, 20];
let mut iter = slice.split(|num| num % 3 == 0);

assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[10]);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[]);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[20]);
assert!(iter.next().is_none());

pub fn split_mut<F>(&mut self, pred: F) -> SplitMut<'_, T, F>where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns an iterator over mutable subslices separated by elements that match pred. The matched element is not contained in the subslices.

Examples

let mut v = [10, 40, 30, 20, 60, 50];

for group in v.split_mut(|num| *num % 3 == 0) {
    group[0] = 1;
}
assert_eq!(v, [1, 40, 30, 1, 60, 1]);

pub fn split_inclusive<F>(&self, pred: F) -> SplitInclusive<'_, T, F>where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns an iterator over subslices separated by elements that match pred. The matched element is contained in the end of the previous subslice as a terminator.

Examples

let slice = [10, 40, 33, 20];
let mut iter = slice.split_inclusive(|num| num % 3 == 0);

assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[10, 40, 33]);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[20]);
assert!(iter.next().is_none());

If the last element of the slice is matched, that element will be considered the terminator of the preceding slice. That slice will be the last item returned by the iterator.

let slice = [3, 10, 40, 33];
let mut iter = slice.split_inclusive(|num| num % 3 == 0);

assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[3]);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[10, 40, 33]);
assert!(iter.next().is_none());

pub fn split_inclusive_mut<F>(&mut self, pred: F) -> SplitInclusiveMut<'_, T, F>where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns an iterator over mutable subslices separated by elements that match pred. The matched element is contained in the previous subslice as a terminator.

Examples

let mut v = [10, 40, 30, 20, 60, 50];

for group in v.split_inclusive_mut(|num| *num % 3 == 0) {
    let terminator_idx = group.len()-1;
    group[terminator_idx] = 1;
}
assert_eq!(v, [10, 40, 1, 20, 1, 1]);

pub fn rsplit<F>(&self, pred: F) -> RSplit<'_, T, F>where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns an iterator over subslices separated by elements that match pred, starting at the end of the slice and working backwards. The matched element is not contained in the subslices.

Examples

let slice = [11, 22, 33, 0, 44, 55];
let mut iter = slice.rsplit(|num| *num == 0);

assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[44, 55]);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[11, 22, 33]);
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);

As with split(), if the first or last element is matched, an empty slice will be the first (or last) item returned by the iterator.

let v = &[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8];
let mut it = v.rsplit(|n| *n % 2 == 0);
assert_eq!(it.next().unwrap(), &[]);
assert_eq!(it.next().unwrap(), &[3, 5]);
assert_eq!(it.next().unwrap(), &[1, 1]);
assert_eq!(it.next().unwrap(), &[]);
assert_eq!(it.next(), None);

pub fn rsplit_mut<F>(&mut self, pred: F) -> RSplitMut<'_, T, F>where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns an iterator over mutable subslices separated by elements that match pred, starting at the end of the slice and working backwards. The matched element is not contained in the subslices.

Examples

let mut v = [100, 400, 300, 200, 600, 500];

let mut count = 0;
for group in v.rsplit_mut(|num| *num % 3 == 0) {
    count += 1;
    group[0] = count;
}
assert_eq!(v, [3, 400, 300, 2, 600, 1]);

pub fn splitn<F>(&self, n: usize, pred: F) -> SplitN<'_, T, F>where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns an iterator over subslices separated by elements that match pred, limited to returning at most n items. The matched element is not contained in the subslices.

The last element returned, if any, will contain the remainder of the slice.

Examples

Print the slice split once by numbers divisible by 3 (i.e., [10, 40], [20, 60, 50]):

let v = [10, 40, 30, 20, 60, 50];

for group in v.splitn(2, |num| *num % 3 == 0) {
    println!("{group:?}");
}

pub fn splitn_mut<F>(&mut self, n: usize, pred: F) -> SplitNMut<'_, T, F>where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns an iterator over mutable subslices separated by elements that match pred, limited to returning at most n items. The matched element is not contained in the subslices.

The last element returned, if any, will contain the remainder of the slice.

Examples

let mut v = [10, 40, 30, 20, 60, 50];

for group in v.splitn_mut(2, |num| *num % 3 == 0) {
    group[0] = 1;
}
assert_eq!(v, [1, 40, 30, 1, 60, 50]);

pub fn rsplitn<F>(&self, n: usize, pred: F) -> RSplitN<'_, T, F>where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns an iterator over subslices separated by elements that match pred limited to returning at most n items. This starts at the end of the slice and works backwards. The matched element is not contained in the subslices.

The last element returned, if any, will contain the remainder of the slice.

Examples

Print the slice split once, starting from the end, by numbers divisible by 3 (i.e., [50], [10, 40, 30, 20]):

let v = [10, 40, 30, 20, 60, 50];

for group in v.rsplitn(2, |num| *num % 3 == 0) {
    println!("{group:?}");
}

pub fn rsplitn_mut<F>(&mut self, n: usize, pred: F) -> RSplitNMut<'_, T, F>where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns an iterator over subslices separated by elements that match pred limited to returning at most n items. This starts at the end of the slice and works backwards. The matched element is not contained in the subslices.

The last element returned, if any, will contain the remainder of the slice.

Examples

let mut s = [10, 40, 30, 20, 60, 50];

for group in s.rsplitn_mut(2, |num| *num % 3 == 0) {
    group[0] = 1;
}
assert_eq!(s, [1, 40, 30, 20, 60, 1]);

pub fn contains(&self, x: &T) -> boolwhere T: PartialEq<T>,

Returns true if the slice contains an element with the given value.

This operation is O(n).

Note that if you have a sorted slice, binary_search may be faster.

Examples

let v = [10, 40, 30];
assert!(v.contains(&30));
assert!(!v.contains(&50));

If you do not have a &T, but some other value that you can compare with one (for example, String implements PartialEq<str>), you can use iter().any:

let v = [String::from("hello"), String::from("world")]; // slice of `String`
assert!(v.iter().any(|e| e == "hello")); // search with `&str`
assert!(!v.iter().any(|e| e == "hi"));

pub fn starts_with(&self, needle: &[T]) -> boolwhere T: PartialEq<T>,

Returns true if needle is a prefix of the slice.

Examples

let v = [10, 40, 30];
assert!(v.starts_with(&[10]));
assert!(v.starts_with(&[10, 40]));
assert!(!v.starts_with(&[50]));
assert!(!v.starts_with(&[10, 50]));

Always returns true if needle is an empty slice:

let v = &[10, 40, 30];
assert!(v.starts_with(&[]));
let v: &[u8] = &[];
assert!(v.starts_with(&[]));

pub fn ends_with(&self, needle: &[T]) -> boolwhere T: PartialEq<T>,

Returns true if needle is a suffix of the slice.

Examples

let v = [10, 40, 30];
assert!(v.ends_with(&[30]));
assert!(v.ends_with(&[40, 30]));
assert!(!v.ends_with(&[50]));
assert!(!v.ends_with(&[50, 30]));

Always returns true if needle is an empty slice:

let v = &[10, 40, 30];
assert!(v.ends_with(&[]));
let v: &[u8] = &[];
assert!(v.ends_with(&[]));

pub fn strip_prefix<P>(&self, prefix: &P) -> Option<&[T]>where P: SlicePattern<Item = T> + ?Sized, T: PartialEq<T>,

Returns a subslice with the prefix removed.

If the slice starts with prefix, returns the subslice after the prefix, wrapped in Some. If prefix is empty, simply returns the original slice.

If the slice does not start with prefix, returns None.

Examples

let v = &[10, 40, 30];
assert_eq!(v.strip_prefix(&[10]), Some(&[40, 30][..]));
assert_eq!(v.strip_prefix(&[10, 40]), Some(&[30][..]));
assert_eq!(v.strip_prefix(&[50]), None);
assert_eq!(v.strip_prefix(&[10, 50]), None);

let prefix : &str = "he";
assert_eq!(b"hello".strip_prefix(prefix.as_bytes()),
           Some(b"llo".as_ref()));

pub fn strip_suffix<P>(&self, suffix: &P) -> Option<&[T]>where P: SlicePattern<Item = T> + ?Sized, T: PartialEq<T>,

Returns a subslice with the suffix removed.

If the slice ends with suffix, returns the subslice before the suffix, wrapped in Some. If suffix is empty, simply returns the original slice.

If the slice does not end with suffix, returns None.

Examples

let v = &[10, 40, 30];
assert_eq!(v.strip_suffix(&[30]), Some(&[10, 40][..]));
assert_eq!(v.strip_suffix(&[40, 30]), Some(&[10][..]));
assert_eq!(v.strip_suffix(&[50]), None);
assert_eq!(v.strip_suffix(&[50, 30]), None);

pub fn binary_search(&self, x: &T) -> Result<usize, usize>where T: Ord,

Binary searches this slice for a given element. If the slice is not sorted, the returned result is unspecified and meaningless.

If the value is found then Result::Ok is returned, containing the index of the matching element. If there are multiple matches, then any one of the matches could be returned. The index is chosen deterministically, but is subject to change in future versions of Rust. If the value is not found then Result::Err is returned, containing the index where a matching element could be inserted while maintaining sorted order.

See also binary_search_by, binary_search_by_key, and partition_point.

Examples

Looks up a series of four elements. The first is found, with a uniquely determined position; the second and third are not found; the fourth could match any position in [1, 4].

let s = [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55];

assert_eq!(s.binary_search(&13),  Ok(9));
assert_eq!(s.binary_search(&4),   Err(7));
assert_eq!(s.binary_search(&100), Err(13));
let r = s.binary_search(&1);
assert!(match r { Ok(1..=4) => true, _ => false, });

If you want to find that whole range of matching items, rather than an arbitrary matching one, that can be done using partition_point:

let s = [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55];

let low = s.partition_point(|x| x < &1);
assert_eq!(low, 1);
let high = s.partition_point(|x| x <= &1);
assert_eq!(high, 5);
let r = s.binary_search(&1);
assert!((low..high).contains(&r.unwrap()));

assert!(s[..low].iter().all(|&x| x < 1));
assert!(s[low..high].iter().all(|&x| x == 1));
assert!(s[high..].iter().all(|&x| x > 1));

// For something not found, the "range" of equal items is empty
assert_eq!(s.partition_point(|x| x < &11), 9);
assert_eq!(s.partition_point(|x| x <= &11), 9);
assert_eq!(s.binary_search(&11), Err(9));

If you want to insert an item to a sorted vector, while maintaining sort order, consider using partition_point:

let mut s = vec![0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55];
let num = 42;
let idx = s.partition_point(|&x| x < num);
// The above is equivalent to `let idx = s.binary_search(&num).unwrap_or_else(|x| x);`
s.insert(idx, num);
assert_eq!(s, [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 42, 55]);

pub fn binary_search_by<'a, F>(&'a self, f: F) -> Result<usize, usize>where F: FnMut(&'a T) -> Ordering,

Binary searches this slice with a comparator function.

The comparator function should return an order code that indicates whether its argument is Less, Equal or Greater the desired target. If the slice is not sorted or if the comparator function does not implement an order consistent with the sort order of the underlying slice, the returned result is unspecified and meaningless.

If the value is found then Result::Ok is returned, containing the index of the matching element. If there are multiple matches, then any one of the matches could be returned. The index is chosen deterministically, but is subject to change in future versions of Rust. If the value is not found then Result::Err is returned, containing the index where a matching element could be inserted while maintaining sorted order.

See also binary_search, binary_search_by_key, and partition_point.

Examples

Looks up a series of four elements. The first is found, with a uniquely determined position; the second and third are not found; the fourth could match any position in [1, 4].

let s = [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55];

let seek = 13;
assert_eq!(s.binary_search_by(|probe| probe.cmp(&seek)), Ok(9));
let seek = 4;
assert_eq!(s.binary_search_by(|probe| probe.cmp(&seek)), Err(7));
let seek = 100;
assert_eq!(s.binary_search_by(|probe| probe.cmp(&seek)), Err(13));
let seek = 1;
let r = s.binary_search_by(|probe| probe.cmp(&seek));
assert!(match r { Ok(1..=4) => true, _ => false, });

pub fn binary_search_by_key<'a, B, F>( &'a self, b: &B, f: F ) -> Result<usize, usize>where F: FnMut(&'a T) -> B, B: Ord,

Binary searches this slice with a key extraction function.

Assumes that the slice is sorted by the key, for instance with sort_by_key using the same key extraction function. If the slice is not sorted by the key, the returned result is unspecified and meaningless.

If the value is found then Result::Ok is returned, containing the index of the matching element. If there are multiple matches, then any one of the matches could be returned. The index is chosen deterministically, but is subject to change in future versions of Rust. If the value is not found then Result::Err is returned, containing the index where a matching element could be inserted while maintaining sorted order.

See also binary_search, binary_search_by, and partition_point.

Examples

Looks up a series of four elements in a slice of pairs sorted by their second elements. The first is found, with a uniquely determined position; the second and third are not found; the fourth could match any position in [1, 4].

let s = [(0, 0), (2, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1), (3, 1),
         (1, 2), (2, 3), (4, 5), (5, 8), (3, 13),
         (1, 21), (2, 34), (4, 55)];

assert_eq!(s.binary_search_by_key(&13, |&(a, b)| b),  Ok(9));
assert_eq!(s.binary_search_by_key(&4, |&(a, b)| b),   Err(7));
assert_eq!(s.binary_search_by_key(&100, |&(a, b)| b), Err(13));
let r = s.binary_search_by_key(&1, |&(a, b)| b);
assert!(match r { Ok(1..=4) => true, _ => false, });

pub fn sort_unstable(&mut self)where T: Ord,

Sorts the slice, but might not preserve the order of equal elements.

This sort is unstable (i.e., may reorder equal elements), in-place (i.e., does not allocate), and O(n * log(n)) worst-case.

Current implementation

The current algorithm is based on pattern-defeating quicksort by Orson Peters, which combines the fast average case of randomized quicksort with the fast worst case of heapsort, while achieving linear time on slices with certain patterns. It uses some randomization to avoid degenerate cases, but with a fixed seed to always provide deterministic behavior.

It is typically faster than stable sorting, except in a few special cases, e.g., when the slice consists of several concatenated sorted sequences.

Examples

let mut v = [-5, 4, 1, -3, 2];

v.sort_unstable();
assert!(v == [-5, -3, 1, 2, 4]);

pub fn sort_unstable_by<F>(&mut self, compare: F)where F: FnMut(&T, &T) -> Ordering,

Sorts the slice with a comparator function, but might not preserve the order of equal elements.

This sort is unstable (i.e., may reorder equal elements), in-place (i.e., does not allocate), and O(n * log(n)) worst-case.

The comparator function must define a total ordering for the elements in the slice. If the ordering is not total, the order of the elements is unspecified. An order is a total order if it is (for all a, b and c):

• total and antisymmetric: exactly one of a < b, a == b or a > b is true, and
• transitive, a < b and b < c implies a < c. The same must hold for both == and >.

For example, while f64 doesn’t implement Ord because NaN != NaN, we can use partial_cmp as our sort function when we know the slice doesn’t contain a NaN.

let mut floats = [5f64, 4.0, 1.0, 3.0, 2.0];
floats.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| a.partial_cmp(b).unwrap());
assert_eq!(floats, [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0]);

Current implementation

The current algorithm is based on pattern-defeating quicksort by Orson Peters, which combines the fast average case of randomized quicksort with the fast worst case of heapsort, while achieving linear time on slices with certain patterns. It uses some randomization to avoid degenerate cases, but with a fixed seed to always provide deterministic behavior.

It is typically faster than stable sorting, except in a few special cases, e.g., when the slice consists of several concatenated sorted sequences.

Examples

let mut v = [5, 4, 1, 3, 2];
v.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| a.cmp(b));
assert!(v == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);

// reverse sorting
v.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| b.cmp(a));
assert!(v == [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);

pub fn sort_unstable_by_key<K, F>(&mut self, f: F)where F: FnMut(&T) -> K, K: Ord,

Sorts the slice with a key extraction function, but might not preserve the order of equal elements.

This sort is unstable (i.e., may reorder equal elements), in-place (i.e., does not allocate), and O(m * n * log(n)) worst-case, where the key function is O(m).

Current implementation

The current algorithm is based on pattern-defeating quicksort by Orson Peters, which combines the fast average case of randomized quicksort with the fast worst case of heapsort, while achieving linear time on slices with certain patterns. It uses some randomization to avoid degenerate cases, but with a fixed seed to always provide deterministic behavior.

Due to its key calling strategy, sort_unstable_by_key is likely to be slower than sort_by_cached_key in cases where the key function is expensive.

Examples

let mut v = [-5i32, 4, 1, -3, 2];

v.sort_unstable_by_key(|k| k.abs());
assert!(v == [1, 2, -3, 4, -5]);

pub fn select_nth_unstable( &mut self, index: usize ) -> (&mut [T], &mut T, &mut [T])where T: Ord,

Reorder the slice such that the element at index is at its final sorted position.

This reordering has the additional property that any value at position i < index will be less than or equal to any value at a position j > index. Additionally, this reordering is unstable (i.e. any number of equal elements may end up at position index), in-place (i.e. does not allocate), and runs in O(n) time. This function is also known as “kth element” in other libraries.

It returns a triplet of the following from the reordered slice: the subslice prior to index, the element at index, and the subslice after index; accordingly, the values in those two subslices will respectively all be less-than-or-equal-to and greater-than-or-equal-to the value of the element at index.

Current implementation

The current algorithm is an introselect implementation based on Pattern Defeating Quicksort, which is also the basis for sort_unstable. The fallback algorithm is Median of Medians using Tukey’s Ninther for pivot selection, which guarantees linear runtime for all inputs.

Panics

Panics when index >= len(), meaning it always panics on empty slices.

Examples

let mut v = [-5i32, 4, 1, -3, 2];

// Find the median
v.select_nth_unstable(2);

// We are only guaranteed the slice will be one of the following, based on the way we sort
// about the specified index.
assert!(v == [-3, -5, 1, 2, 4] ||
        v == [-5, -3, 1, 2, 4] ||
        v == [-3, -5, 1, 4, 2] ||
        v == [-5, -3, 1, 4, 2]);

pub fn select_nth_unstable_by<F>( &mut self, index: usize, compare: F ) -> (&mut [T], &mut T, &mut [T])where F: FnMut(&T, &T) -> Ordering,

Reorder the slice with a comparator function such that the element at index is at its final sorted position.

This reordering has the additional property that any value at position i < index will be less than or equal to any value at a position j > index using the comparator function. Additionally, this reordering is unstable (i.e. any number of equal elements may end up at position index), in-place (i.e. does not allocate), and runs in O(n) time. This function is also known as “kth element” in other libraries.

It returns a triplet of the following from the slice reordered according to the provided comparator function: the subslice prior to index, the element at index, and the subslice after index; accordingly, the values in those two subslices will respectively all be less-than-or-equal-to and greater-than-or-equal-to the value of the element at index.

Current implementation

The current algorithm is an introselect implementation based on Pattern Defeating Quicksort, which is also the basis for sort_unstable. The fallback algorithm is Median of Medians using Tukey’s Ninther for pivot selection, which guarantees linear runtime for all inputs.

Panics

Panics when index >= len(), meaning it always panics on empty slices.

Examples

let mut v = [-5i32, 4, 1, -3, 2];

// Find the median as if the slice were sorted in descending order.
v.select_nth_unstable_by(2, |a, b| b.cmp(a));

// We are only guaranteed the slice will be one of the following, based on the way we sort
// about the specified index.
assert!(v == [2, 4, 1, -5, -3] ||
        v == [2, 4, 1, -3, -5] ||
        v == [4, 2, 1, -5, -3] ||
        v == [4, 2, 1, -3, -5]);

pub fn select_nth_unstable_by_key<K, F>( &mut self, index: usize, f: F ) -> (&mut [T], &mut T, &mut [T])where F: FnMut(&T) -> K, K: Ord,

Reorder the slice with a key extraction function such that the element at index is at its final sorted position.

This reordering has the additional property that any value at position i < index will be less than or equal to any value at a position j > index using the key extraction function. Additionally, this reordering is unstable (i.e. any number of equal elements may end up at position index), in-place (i.e. does not allocate), and runs in O(n) time. This function is also known as “kth element” in other libraries.

It returns a triplet of the following from the slice reordered according to the provided key extraction function: the subslice prior to index, the element at index, and the subslice after index; accordingly, the values in those two subslices will respectively all be less-than-or-equal-to and greater-than-or-equal-to the value of the element at index.

Current implementation

The current algorithm is an introselect implementation based on Pattern Defeating Quicksort, which is also the basis for sort_unstable. The fallback algorithm is Median of Medians using Tukey’s Ninther for pivot selection, which guarantees linear runtime for all inputs.

Panics

Panics when index >= len(), meaning it always panics on empty slices.

Examples

let mut v = [-5i32, 4, 1, -3, 2];

// Return the median as if the array were sorted according to absolute value.
v.select_nth_unstable_by_key(2, |a| a.abs());

// We are only guaranteed the slice will be one of the following, based on the way we sort
// about the specified index.
assert!(v == [1, 2, -3, 4, -5] ||
        v == [1, 2, -3, -5, 4] ||
        v == [2, 1, -3, 4, -5] ||
        v == [2, 1, -3, -5, 4]);

pub fn partition_dedup(&mut self) -> (&mut [T], &mut [T])where T: PartialEq<T>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_partition_dedup)

Moves all consecutive repeated elements to the end of the slice according to the PartialEq trait implementation.

Returns two slices. The first contains no consecutive repeated elements. The second contains all the duplicates in no specified order.

If the slice is sorted, the first returned slice contains no duplicates.

Examples

#![feature(slice_partition_dedup)]

let mut slice = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 1];

let (dedup, duplicates) = slice.partition_dedup();

assert_eq!(dedup, [1, 2, 3, 2, 1]);
assert_eq!(duplicates, [2, 3, 1]);

pub fn partition_dedup_by<F>(&mut self, same_bucket: F) -> (&mut [T], &mut [T])where F: FnMut(&mut T, &mut T) -> bool,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_partition_dedup)

Moves all but the first of consecutive elements to the end of the slice satisfying a given equality relation.

Returns two slices. The first contains no consecutive repeated elements. The second contains all the duplicates in no specified order.

The same_bucket function is passed references to two elements from the slice and must determine if the elements compare equal. The elements are passed in opposite order from their order in the slice, so if same_bucket(a, b) returns true, a is moved at the end of the slice.

If the slice is sorted, the first returned slice contains no duplicates.

Examples

#![feature(slice_partition_dedup)]

let mut slice = ["foo", "Foo", "BAZ", "Bar", "bar", "baz", "BAZ"];

let (dedup, duplicates) = slice.partition_dedup_by(|a, b| a.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b));

assert_eq!(dedup, ["foo", "BAZ", "Bar", "baz"]);
assert_eq!(duplicates, ["bar", "Foo", "BAZ"]);

pub fn partition_dedup_by_key<K, F>(&mut self, key: F) -> (&mut [T], &mut [T])where F: FnMut(&mut T) -> K, K: PartialEq<K>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_partition_dedup)

Moves all but the first of consecutive elements to the end of the slice that resolve to the same key.

Returns two slices. The first contains no consecutive repeated elements. The second contains all the duplicates in no specified order.

If the slice is sorted, the first returned slice contains no duplicates.

Examples

#![feature(slice_partition_dedup)]

let mut slice = [10, 20, 21, 30, 30, 20, 11, 13];

let (dedup, duplicates) = slice.partition_dedup_by_key(|i| *i / 10);

assert_eq!(dedup, [10, 20, 30, 20, 11]);
assert_eq!(duplicates, [21, 30, 13]);

pub fn rotate_left(&mut self, mid: usize)

Rotates the slice in-place such that the first mid elements of the slice move to the end while the last self.len() - mid elements move to the front. After calling rotate_left, the element previously at index mid will become the first element in the slice.

Panics

This function will panic if mid is greater than the length of the slice. Note that mid == self.len() does not panic and is a no-op rotation.

Complexity

Takes linear (in self.len()) time.

Examples

let mut a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'];
a.rotate_left(2);
assert_eq!(a, ['c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'a', 'b']);

Rotating a subslice:

let mut a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'];
a[1..5].rotate_left(1);
assert_eq!(a, ['a', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'b', 'f']);

pub fn rotate_right(&mut self, k: usize)

Rotates the slice in-place such that the first self.len() - k elements of the slice move to the end while the last k elements move to the front. After calling rotate_right, the element previously at index self.len() - k will become the first element in the slice.

Panics

This function will panic if k is greater than the length of the slice. Note that k == self.len() does not panic and is a no-op rotation.

Complexity

Takes linear (in self.len()) time.

Examples

let mut a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'];
a.rotate_right(2);
assert_eq!(a, ['e', 'f', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd']);

Rotate a subslice:

let mut a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'];
a[1..5].rotate_right(1);
assert_eq!(a, ['a', 'e', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'f']);

pub fn fill(&mut self, value: T)where T: Clone,

Fills self with elements by cloning value.

Examples

let mut buf = vec![0; 10];
buf.fill(1);
assert_eq!(buf, vec![1; 10]);

pub fn fill_with<F>(&mut self, f: F)where F: FnMut() -> T,

Fills self with elements returned by calling a closure repeatedly.

This method uses a closure to create new values. If you’d rather Clone a given value, use fill. If you want to use the Default trait to generate values, you can pass Default::default as the argument.

Examples

let mut buf = vec![1; 10];
buf.fill_with(Default::default);
assert_eq!(buf, vec![0; 10]);

pub fn clone_from_slice(&mut self, src: &[T])where T: Clone,

Copies the elements from src into self.

The length of src must be the same as self.

Panics

This function will panic if the two slices have different lengths.

Examples

Cloning two elements from a slice into another:

let src = [1, 2, 3, 4];
let mut dst = [0, 0];

// Because the slices have to be the same length,
// we slice the source slice from four elements
// to two. It will panic if we don't do this.
dst.clone_from_slice(&src[2..]);

assert_eq!(src, [1, 2, 3, 4]);
assert_eq!(dst, [3, 4]);

Rust enforces that there can only be one mutable reference with no immutable references to a particular piece of data in a particular scope. Because of this, attempting to use clone_from_slice on a single slice will result in a compile failure:

let mut slice = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

slice[..2].clone_from_slice(&slice[3..]); // compile fail!

To work around this, we can use split_at_mut to create two distinct sub-slices from a slice:

let mut slice = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

{
    let (left, right) = slice.split_at_mut(2);
    left.clone_from_slice(&right[1..]);
}

assert_eq!(slice, [4, 5, 3, 4, 5]);

pub fn copy_from_slice(&mut self, src: &[T])where T: Copy,

Copies all elements from src into self, using a memcpy.

The length of src must be the same as self.

If T does not implement Copy, use clone_from_slice.

Panics

This function will panic if the two slices have different lengths.

Examples

Copying two elements from a slice into another:

let src = [1, 2, 3, 4];
let mut dst = [0, 0];

// Because the slices have to be the same length,
// we slice the source slice from four elements
// to two. It will panic if we don't do this.
dst.copy_from_slice(&src[2..]);

assert_eq!(src, [1, 2, 3, 4]);
assert_eq!(dst, [3, 4]);

Rust enforces that there can only be one mutable reference with no immutable references to a particular piece of data in a particular scope. Because of this, attempting to use copy_from_slice on a single slice will result in a compile failure:

let mut slice = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

slice[..2].copy_from_slice(&slice[3..]); // compile fail!

To work around this, we can use split_at_mut to create two distinct sub-slices from a slice:

let mut slice = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

{
    let (left, right) = slice.split_at_mut(2);
    left.copy_from_slice(&right[1..]);
}

assert_eq!(slice, [4, 5, 3, 4, 5]);

pub fn copy_within<R>(&mut self, src: R, dest: usize)where R: RangeBounds<usize>, T: Copy,

Copies elements from one part of the slice to another part of itself, using a memmove.

src is the range within self to copy from. dest is the starting index of the range within self to copy to, which will have the same length as src. The two ranges may overlap. The ends of the two ranges must be less than or equal to self.len().

Panics

This function will panic if either range exceeds the end of the slice, or if the end of src is before the start.

Examples

Copying four bytes within a slice:

let mut bytes = *b"Hello, World!";

bytes.copy_within(1..5, 8);

assert_eq!(&bytes, b"Hello, Wello!");

pub fn swap_with_slice(&mut self, other: &mut [T])

Swaps all elements in self with those in other.

The length of other must be the same as self.

Panics

This function will panic if the two slices have different lengths.

Example

Swapping two elements across slices:

let mut slice1 = [0, 0];
let mut slice2 = [1, 2, 3, 4];

slice1.swap_with_slice(&mut slice2[2..]);

assert_eq!(slice1, [3, 4]);
assert_eq!(slice2, [1, 2, 0, 0]);

Rust enforces that there can only be one mutable reference to a particular piece of data in a particular scope. Because of this, attempting to use swap_with_slice on a single slice will result in a compile failure:

let mut slice = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
slice[..2].swap_with_slice(&mut slice[3..]); // compile fail!

To work around this, we can use split_at_mut to create two distinct mutable sub-slices from a slice:

let mut slice = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

{
    let (left, right) = slice.split_at_mut(2);
    left.swap_with_slice(&mut right[1..]);
}

assert_eq!(slice, [4, 5, 3, 1, 2]);

pub unsafe fn align_to<U>(&self) -> (&[T], &[U], &[T])

Transmute the slice to a slice of another type, ensuring alignment of the types is maintained.

This method splits the slice into three distinct slices: prefix, correctly aligned middle slice of a new type, and the suffix slice. How exactly the slice is split up is not specified; the middle part may be smaller than necessary. However, if this fails to return a maximal middle part, that is because code is running in a context where performance does not matter, such as a sanitizer attempting to find alignment bugs. Regular code running in a default (debug or release) execution will return a maximal middle part.

This method has no purpose when either input element T or output element U are zero-sized and will return the original slice without splitting anything.

Safety

This method is essentially a transmute with respect to the elements in the returned middle slice, so all the usual caveats pertaining to transmute::<T, U> also apply here.

Examples

Basic usage:

unsafe {
    let bytes: [u8; 7] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7];
    let (prefix, shorts, suffix) = bytes.align_to::<u16>();
    // less_efficient_algorithm_for_bytes(prefix);
    // more_efficient_algorithm_for_aligned_shorts(shorts);
    // less_efficient_algorithm_for_bytes(suffix);
}

pub unsafe fn align_to_mut<U>(&mut self) -> (&mut [T], &mut [U], &mut [T])

Transmute the mutable slice to a mutable slice of another type, ensuring alignment of the types is maintained.

This method splits the slice into three distinct slices: prefix, correctly aligned middle slice of a new type, and the suffix slice. How exactly the slice is split up is not specified; the middle part may be smaller than necessary. However, if this fails to return a maximal middle part, that is because code is running in a context where performance does not matter, such as a sanitizer attempting to find alignment bugs. Regular code running in a default (debug or release) execution will return a maximal middle part.

This method has no purpose when either input element T or output element U are zero-sized and will return the original slice without splitting anything.

Safety

This method is essentially a transmute with respect to the elements in the returned middle slice, so all the usual caveats pertaining to transmute::<T, U> also apply here.

Examples

Basic usage:

unsafe {
    let mut bytes: [u8; 7] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7];
    let (prefix, shorts, suffix) = bytes.align_to_mut::<u16>();
    // less_efficient_algorithm_for_bytes(prefix);
    // more_efficient_algorithm_for_aligned_shorts(shorts);
    // less_efficient_algorithm_for_bytes(suffix);
}

pub fn as_simd<const LANES: usize>(&self) -> (&[T], &[Simd<T, LANES>], &[T])where Simd<T, LANES>: AsRef<[T; LANES]>, T: SimdElement, LaneCount<LANES>: SupportedLaneCount,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (portable_simd)

Split a slice into a prefix, a middle of aligned SIMD types, and a suffix.

This is a safe wrapper around slice::align_to, so has the same weak postconditions as that method. You’re only assured that self.len() == prefix.len() + middle.len() * LANES + suffix.len().

Notably, all of the following are possible:

• prefix.len() >= LANES.
• middle.is_empty() despite self.len() >= 3 * LANES.
• suffix.len() >= LANES.

That said, this is a safe method, so if you’re only writing safe code, then this can at most cause incorrect logic, not unsoundness.

Panics

This will panic if the size of the SIMD type is different from LANES times that of the scalar.

At the time of writing, the trait restrictions on Simd<T, LANES> keeps that from ever happening, as only power-of-two numbers of lanes are supported. It’s possible that, in the future, those restrictions might be lifted in a way that would make it possible to see panics from this method for something like LANES == 3.

Examples

#![feature(portable_simd)]
use core::simd::SimdFloat;

let short = &[1, 2, 3];
let (prefix, middle, suffix) = short.as_simd::<4>();
assert_eq!(middle, []); // Not enough elements for anything in the middle

// They might be split in any possible way between prefix and suffix
let it = prefix.iter().chain(suffix).copied();
assert_eq!(it.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![1, 2, 3]);

fn basic_simd_sum(x: &[f32]) -> f32 {
    use std::ops::Add;
    use std::simd::f32x4;
    let (prefix, middle, suffix) = x.as_simd();
    let sums = f32x4::from_array([
        prefix.iter().copied().sum(),
        0.0,
        0.0,
        suffix.iter().copied().sum(),
    ]);
    let sums = middle.iter().copied().fold(sums, f32x4::add);
    sums.reduce_sum()
}

let numbers: Vec<f32> = (1..101).map(|x| x as _).collect();
assert_eq!(basic_simd_sum(&numbers[1..99]), 4949.0);

pub fn as_simd_mut<const LANES: usize>( &mut self ) -> (&mut [T], &mut [Simd<T, LANES>], &mut [T])where Simd<T, LANES>: AsMut<[T; LANES]>, T: SimdElement, LaneCount<LANES>: SupportedLaneCount,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (portable_simd)

Split a mutable slice into a mutable prefix, a middle of aligned SIMD types, and a mutable suffix.

This is a safe wrapper around slice::align_to_mut, so has the same weak postconditions as that method. You’re only assured that self.len() == prefix.len() + middle.len() * LANES + suffix.len().

Notably, all of the following are possible:

• prefix.len() >= LANES.
• middle.is_empty() despite self.len() >= 3 * LANES.
• suffix.len() >= LANES.

That said, this is a safe method, so if you’re only writing safe code, then this can at most cause incorrect logic, not unsoundness.

This is the mutable version of slice::as_simd; see that for examples.

Panics

This will panic if the size of the SIMD type is different from LANES times that of the scalar.

At the time of writing, the trait restrictions on Simd<T, LANES> keeps that from ever happening, as only power-of-two numbers of lanes are supported. It’s possible that, in the future, those restrictions might be lifted in a way that would make it possible to see panics from this method for something like LANES == 3.

pub fn is_sorted(&self) -> boolwhere T: PartialOrd<T>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (is_sorted)

Checks if the elements of this slice are sorted.

That is, for each element a and its following element b, a <= b must hold. If the slice yields exactly zero or one element, true is returned.

Note that if Self::Item is only PartialOrd, but not Ord, the above definition implies that this function returns false if any two consecutive items are not comparable.

Examples

#![feature(is_sorted)]
let empty: [i32; 0] = [];

assert!([1, 2, 2, 9].is_sorted());
assert!(![1, 3, 2, 4].is_sorted());
assert!([0].is_sorted());
assert!(empty.is_sorted());
assert!(![0.0, 1.0, f32::NAN].is_sorted());

pub fn is_sorted_by<'a, F>(&'a self, compare: F) -> boolwhere F: FnMut(&'a T, &'a T) -> Option<Ordering>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (is_sorted)

Checks if the elements of this slice are sorted using the given comparator function.

Instead of using PartialOrd::partial_cmp, this function uses the given compare function to determine the ordering of two elements. Apart from that, it’s equivalent to is_sorted; see its documentation for more information.

pub fn is_sorted_by_key<'a, F, K>(&'a self, f: F) -> boolwhere F: FnMut(&'a T) -> K, K: PartialOrd<K>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (is_sorted)

Checks if the elements of this slice are sorted using the given key extraction function.

Instead of comparing the slice’s elements directly, this function compares the keys of the elements, as determined by f. Apart from that, it’s equivalent to is_sorted; see its documentation for more information.

Examples

#![feature(is_sorted)]

assert!(["c", "bb", "aaa"].is_sorted_by_key(|s| s.len()));
assert!(![-2i32, -1, 0, 3].is_sorted_by_key(|n| n.abs()));

pub fn partition_point<P>(&self, pred: P) -> usizewhere P: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns the index of the partition point according to the given predicate (the index of the first element of the second partition).

The slice is assumed to be partitioned according to the given predicate. This means that all elements for which the predicate returns true are at the start of the slice and all elements for which the predicate returns false are at the end. For example, [7, 15, 3, 5, 4, 12, 6] is partitioned under the predicate x % 2 != 0 (all odd numbers are at the start, all even at the end).

If this slice is not partitioned, the returned result is unspecified and meaningless, as this method performs a kind of binary search.

See also binary_search, binary_search_by, and binary_search_by_key.

Examples

let v = [1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7];
let i = v.partition_point(|&x| x < 5);

assert_eq!(i, 4);
assert!(v[..i].iter().all(|&x| x < 5));
assert!(v[i..].iter().all(|&x| !(x < 5)));

If all elements of the slice match the predicate, including if the slice is empty, then the length of the slice will be returned:

let a = [2, 4, 8];
assert_eq!(a.partition_point(|x| x < &100), a.len());
let a: [i32; 0] = [];
assert_eq!(a.partition_point(|x| x < &100), 0);

If you want to insert an item to a sorted vector, while maintaining sort order:

let mut s = vec![0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55];
let num = 42;
let idx = s.partition_point(|&x| x < num);
s.insert(idx, num);
assert_eq!(s, [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 42, 55]);

pub fn take<R, 'a>(self: &mut &'a [T], range: R) -> Option<&'a [T]>where R: OneSidedRange<usize>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_take)

Removes the subslice corresponding to the given range and returns a reference to it.

Returns None and does not modify the slice if the given range is out of bounds.

Note that this method only accepts one-sided ranges such as 2.. or ..6, but not 2..6.

Examples

Taking the first three elements of a slice:

#![feature(slice_take)]

let mut slice: &[_] = &['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'];
let mut first_three = slice.take(..3).unwrap();

assert_eq!(slice, &['d']);
assert_eq!(first_three, &['a', 'b', 'c']);

Taking the last two elements of a slice:

#![feature(slice_take)]

let mut slice: &[_] = &['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'];
let mut tail = slice.take(2..).unwrap();

assert_eq!(slice, &['a', 'b']);
assert_eq!(tail, &['c', 'd']);

Getting None when range is out of bounds:

#![feature(slice_take)]

let mut slice: &[_] = &['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'];

assert_eq!(None, slice.take(5..));
assert_eq!(None, slice.take(..5));
assert_eq!(None, slice.take(..=4));
let expected: &[char] = &['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'];
assert_eq!(Some(expected), slice.take(..4));

pub fn take_mut<R, 'a>(self: &mut &'a mut [T], range: R) -> Option<&'a mut [T]>where R: OneSidedRange<usize>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_take)

Removes the subslice corresponding to the given range and returns a mutable reference to it.

Returns None and does not modify the slice if the given range is out of bounds.

Note that this method only accepts one-sided ranges such as 2.. or ..6, but not 2..6.

Examples

Taking the first three elements of a slice:

#![feature(slice_take)]

let mut slice: &mut [_] = &mut ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'];
let mut first_three = slice.take_mut(..3).unwrap();

assert_eq!(slice, &mut ['d']);
assert_eq!(first_three, &mut ['a', 'b', 'c']);

Taking the last two elements of a slice:

#![feature(slice_take)]

let mut slice: &mut [_] = &mut ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'];
let mut tail = slice.take_mut(2..).unwrap();

assert_eq!(slice, &mut ['a', 'b']);
assert_eq!(tail, &mut ['c', 'd']);

Getting None when range is out of bounds:

#![feature(slice_take)]

let mut slice: &mut [_] = &mut ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'];

assert_eq!(None, slice.take_mut(5..));
assert_eq!(None, slice.take_mut(..5));
assert_eq!(None, slice.take_mut(..=4));
let expected: &mut [_] = &mut ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'];
assert_eq!(Some(expected), slice.take_mut(..4));

pub fn take_first<'a>(self: &mut &'a [T]) -> Option<&'a T>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_take)

Removes the first element of the slice and returns a reference to it.

Returns None if the slice is empty.

Examples

#![feature(slice_take)]

let mut slice: &[_] = &['a', 'b', 'c'];
let first = slice.take_first().unwrap();

assert_eq!(slice, &['b', 'c']);
assert_eq!(first, &'a');

pub fn take_first_mut<'a>(self: &mut &'a mut [T]) -> Option<&'a mut T>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_take)

Removes the first element of the slice and returns a mutable reference to it.

Returns None if the slice is empty.

Examples

#![feature(slice_take)]

let mut slice: &mut [_] = &mut ['a', 'b', 'c'];
let first = slice.take_first_mut().unwrap();
*first = 'd';

assert_eq!(slice, &['b', 'c']);
assert_eq!(first, &'d');

pub fn take_last<'a>(self: &mut &'a [T]) -> Option<&'a T>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_take)

Removes the last element of the slice and returns a reference to it.

Returns None if the slice is empty.

Examples

#![feature(slice_take)]

let mut slice: &[_] = &['a', 'b', 'c'];
let last = slice.take_last().unwrap();

assert_eq!(slice, &['a', 'b']);
assert_eq!(last, &'c');

pub fn take_last_mut<'a>(self: &mut &'a mut [T]) -> Option<&'a mut T>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_take)

Removes the last element of the slice and returns a mutable reference to it.

Returns None if the slice is empty.

Examples

#![feature(slice_take)]

let mut slice: &mut [_] = &mut ['a', 'b', 'c'];
let last = slice.take_last_mut().unwrap();
*last = 'd';

assert_eq!(slice, &['a', 'b']);
assert_eq!(last, &'d');

pub unsafe fn get_many_unchecked_mut<const N: usize>( &mut self, indices: [usize; N] ) -> [&mut T; N]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (get_many_mut)

Returns mutable references to many indices at once, without doing any checks.

For a safe alternative see get_many_mut.

Safety

Calling this method with overlapping or out-of-bounds indices is undefined behavior even if the resulting references are not used.

Examples

#![feature(get_many_mut)]

let x = &mut [1, 2, 4];

unsafe {
    let [a, b] = x.get_many_unchecked_mut([0, 2]);
    *a *= 10;
    *b *= 100;
}
assert_eq!(x, &[10, 2, 400]);

pub fn get_many_mut<const N: usize>( &mut self, indices: [usize; N] ) -> Result<[&mut T; N], GetManyMutError<N>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (get_many_mut)

Returns mutable references to many indices at once.

Returns an error if any index is out-of-bounds, or if the same index was passed more than once.

Examples

#![feature(get_many_mut)]

let v = &mut [1, 2, 3];
if let Ok([a, b]) = v.get_many_mut([0, 2]) {
    *a = 413;
    *b = 612;
}
assert_eq!(v, &[413, 2, 612]);

pub fn sort_floats(&mut self)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (sort_floats)

Sorts the slice of floats.

This sort is in-place (i.e. does not allocate), O(n * log(n)) worst-case, and uses the ordering defined by f32::total_cmp.

Current implementation

This uses the same sorting algorithm as sort_unstable_by.

Examples

#![feature(sort_floats)]
let mut v = [2.6, -5e-8, f32::NAN, 8.29, f32::INFINITY, -1.0, 0.0, -f32::INFINITY, -0.0];

v.sort_floats();
let sorted = [-f32::INFINITY, -1.0, -5e-8, -0.0, 0.0, 2.6, 8.29, f32::INFINITY, f32::NAN];
assert_eq!(&v[..8], &sorted[..8]);
assert!(v[8].is_nan());

pub fn flatten(&self) -> &[T]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_flatten)

Takes a &[[T; N]], and flattens it to a &[T].

Panics

This panics if the length of the resulting slice would overflow a usize.

This is only possible when flattening a slice of arrays of zero-sized types, and thus tends to be irrelevant in practice. If size_of::<T>() > 0, this will never panic.

Examples

#![feature(slice_flatten)]

assert_eq!([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]].flatten(), &[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);

assert_eq!(
    [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]].flatten(),
    [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]].flatten(),
);

let slice_of_empty_arrays: &[[i32; 0]] = &[[], [], [], [], []];
assert!(slice_of_empty_arrays.flatten().is_empty());

let empty_slice_of_arrays: &[[u32; 10]] = &[];
assert!(empty_slice_of_arrays.flatten().is_empty());

pub fn flatten_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [T]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_flatten)

Takes a &mut [[T; N]], and flattens it to a &mut [T].

Panics

This panics if the length of the resulting slice would overflow a usize.

This is only possible when flattening a slice of arrays of zero-sized types, and thus tends to be irrelevant in practice. If size_of::<T>() > 0, this will never panic.

Examples

#![feature(slice_flatten)]

fn add_5_to_all(slice: &mut [i32]) {
    for i in slice {
        *i += 5;
    }
}

let mut array = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]];
add_5_to_all(array.flatten_mut());
assert_eq!(array, [[6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11], [12, 13, 14]]);

pub fn sort_floats(&mut self)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (sort_floats)

Sorts the slice of floats.

This sort is in-place (i.e. does not allocate), O(n * log(n)) worst-case, and uses the ordering defined by f64::total_cmp.

Current implementation

This uses the same sorting algorithm as sort_unstable_by.

Examples

#![feature(sort_floats)]
let mut v = [2.6, -5e-8, f64::NAN, 8.29, f64::INFINITY, -1.0, 0.0, -f64::INFINITY, -0.0];

v.sort_floats();
let sorted = [-f64::INFINITY, -1.0, -5e-8, -0.0, 0.0, 2.6, 8.29, f64::INFINITY, f64::NAN];
assert_eq!(&v[..8], &sorted[..8]);
assert!(v[8].is_nan());

pub fn sort(&mut self)where T: Ord,

Sorts the slice.

This sort is stable (i.e., does not reorder equal elements) and O(n * log(n)) worst-case.

When applicable, unstable sorting is preferred because it is generally faster than stable sorting and it doesn’t allocate auxiliary memory. See sort_unstable.

Current implementation

The current algorithm is an adaptive, iterative merge sort inspired by timsort. It is designed to be very fast in cases where the slice is nearly sorted, or consists of two or more sorted sequences concatenated one after another.

Also, it allocates temporary storage half the size of self, but for short slices a non-allocating insertion sort is used instead.

Examples

let mut v = [-5, 4, 1, -3, 2];

v.sort();
assert!(v == [-5, -3, 1, 2, 4]);

pub fn sort_by<F>(&mut self, compare: F)where F: FnMut(&T, &T) -> Ordering,

Sorts the slice with a comparator function.

This sort is stable (i.e., does not reorder equal elements) and O(n * log(n)) worst-case.

The comparator function must define a total ordering for the elements in the slice. If the ordering is not total, the order of the elements is unspecified. An order is a total order if it is (for all a, b and c):

• total and antisymmetric: exactly one of a < b, a == b or a > b is true, and
• transitive, a < b and b < c implies a < c. The same must hold for both == and >.

For example, while f64 doesn’t implement Ord because NaN != NaN, we can use partial_cmp as our sort function when we know the slice doesn’t contain a NaN.

let mut floats = [5f64, 4.0, 1.0, 3.0, 2.0];
floats.sort_by(|a, b| a.partial_cmp(b).unwrap());
assert_eq!(floats, [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0]);

When applicable, unstable sorting is preferred because it is generally faster than stable sorting and it doesn’t allocate auxiliary memory. See sort_unstable_by.

Current implementation

The current algorithm is an adaptive, iterative merge sort inspired by timsort. It is designed to be very fast in cases where the slice is nearly sorted, or consists of two or more sorted sequences concatenated one after another.

Also, it allocates temporary storage half the size of self, but for short slices a non-allocating insertion sort is used instead.

Examples

let mut v = [5, 4, 1, 3, 2];
v.sort_by(|a, b| a.cmp(b));
assert!(v == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);

// reverse sorting
v.sort_by(|a, b| b.cmp(a));
assert!(v == [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);

pub fn sort_by_key<K, F>(&mut self, f: F)where F: FnMut(&T) -> K, K: Ord,

Sorts the slice with a key extraction function.

This sort is stable (i.e., does not reorder equal elements) and O(m * n * log(n)) worst-case, where the key function is O(m).

For expensive key functions (e.g. functions that are not simple property accesses or basic operations), sort_by_cached_key is likely to be significantly faster, as it does not recompute element keys.

When applicable, unstable sorting is preferred because it is generally faster than stable sorting and it doesn’t allocate auxiliary memory. See sort_unstable_by_key.

Current implementation

The current algorithm is an adaptive, iterative merge sort inspired by timsort. It is designed to be very fast in cases where the slice is nearly sorted, or consists of two or more sorted sequences concatenated one after another.

Also, it allocates temporary storage half the size of self, but for short slices a non-allocating insertion sort is used instead.

Examples

let mut v = [-5i32, 4, 1, -3, 2];

v.sort_by_key(|k| k.abs());
assert!(v == [1, 2, -3, 4, -5]);

pub fn sort_by_cached_key<K, F>(&mut self, f: F)where F: FnMut(&T) -> K, K: Ord,

Sorts the slice with a key extraction function.

During sorting, the key function is called at most once per element, by using temporary storage to remember the results of key evaluation. The order of calls to the key function is unspecified and may change in future versions of the standard library.

This sort is stable (i.e., does not reorder equal elements) and O(m * n + n * log(n)) worst-case, where the key function is O(m).

For simple key functions (e.g., functions that are property accesses or basic operations), sort_by_key is likely to be faster.

Current implementation

The current algorithm is based on pattern-defeating quicksort by Orson Peters, which combines the fast average case of randomized quicksort with the fast worst case of heapsort, while achieving linear time on slices with certain patterns. It uses some randomization to avoid degenerate cases, but with a fixed seed to always provide deterministic behavior.

In the worst case, the algorithm allocates temporary storage in a Vec<(K, usize)> the length of the slice.

Examples

let mut v = [-5i32, 4, 32, -3, 2];

v.sort_by_cached_key(|k| k.to_string());
assert!(v == [-3, -5, 2, 32, 4]);

pub fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<T, Global>where T: Clone,

Copies self into a new Vec.

Examples

let s = [10, 40, 30];
let x = s.to_vec();
// Here, `s` and `x` can be modified independently.

pub fn to_vec_in<A>(&self, alloc: A) -> Vec<T, A>where A: Allocator, T: Clone,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Copies self into a new Vec with an allocator.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let s = [10, 40, 30];
let x = s.to_vec_in(System);
// Here, `s` and `x` can be modified independently.

pub fn repeat(&self, n: usize) -> Vec<T, Global>where T: Copy,

Creates a vector by copying a slice n times.

Panics

This function will panic if the capacity would overflow.

Examples

Basic usage:

assert_eq!([1, 2].repeat(3), vec![1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2]);

A panic upon overflow:

// this will panic at runtime
b"0123456789abcdef".repeat(usize::MAX);

pub fn concat<Item>(&self) -> <[T] as Concat<Item>>::Output where [T]: Concat<Item>, Item: ?Sized,

Flattens a slice of T into a single value Self::Output.

Examples

assert_eq!(["hello", "world"].concat(), "helloworld");
assert_eq!([[1, 2], [3, 4]].concat(), [1, 2, 3, 4]);

pub fn join<Separator>( &self, sep: Separator ) -> <[T] as Join<Separator>>::Output where [T]: Join<Separator>,

Flattens a slice of T into a single value Self::Output, placing a given separator between each.

Examples

assert_eq!(["hello", "world"].join(" "), "hello world");
assert_eq!([[1, 2], [3, 4]].join(&0), [1, 2, 0, 3, 4]);
assert_eq!([[1, 2], [3, 4]].join(&[0, 0][..]), [1, 2, 0, 0, 3, 4]);

pub fn connect<Separator>( &self, sep: Separator ) -> <[T] as Join<Separator>>::Output where [T]: Join<Separator>,

👎Deprecated since 1.3.0: renamed to join

Flattens a slice of T into a single value Self::Output, placing a given separator between each.

Examples

assert_eq!(["hello", "world"].connect(" "), "hello world");
assert_eq!([[1, 2], [3, 4]].connect(&0), [1, 2, 0, 3, 4]);

pub fn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> Vec<u8, Global>

Returns a vector containing a copy of this slice where each byte is mapped to its ASCII upper case equivalent.

ASCII letters ‘a’ to ‘z’ are mapped to ‘A’ to ‘Z’, but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.

To uppercase the value in-place, use make_ascii_uppercase.

pub fn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> Vec<u8, Global>

Returns a vector containing a copy of this slice where each byte is mapped to its ASCII lower case equivalent.

ASCII letters ‘A’ to ‘Z’ are mapped to ‘a’ to ‘z’, but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.

To lowercase the value in-place, use make_ascii_lowercase.

pub fn as_raw(&self) -> &Container

Returns the underlying raw buffer

pub fn dimensions(&self) -> (u32, u32)

The width and height of this image.

pub fn width(&self) -> u32

The width of this image.

pub fn height(&self) -> u32

The height of this image.

pub fn pixels(&self) -> Pixels<'_, P>

Returns an iterator over the pixels of this image. The iteration order is x = 0 to width then y = 0 to height

pub fn rows(&self) -> Rows<'_, P>

Returns an iterator over the rows of this image.

Only non-empty rows can be iterated in this manner. In particular the iterator will not yield any item when the width of the image is 0 or a pixel type without any channels is used. This ensures that its length can always be represented by usize.

pub fn enumerate_pixels(&self) -> EnumeratePixels<'_, P>

Enumerates over the pixels of the image. The iterator yields the coordinates of each pixel along with a reference to them. The iteration order is x = 0 to width then y = 0 to height Starting from the top left.

pub fn enumerate_rows(&self) -> EnumerateRows<'_, P>

Enumerates over the rows of the image. The iterator yields the y-coordinate of each row along with a reference to them.

pub fn get_pixel(&self, x: u32, y: u32) -> &P

Gets a reference to the pixel at location (x, y)

Panics

Panics if (x, y) is out of the bounds (width, height).

pub fn get_pixel_checked(&self, x: u32, y: u32) -> Option<&P>

Gets a reference to the pixel at location (x, y) or returns None if the index is out of the bounds (width, height).

pub fn sample_layout(&self) -> SampleLayout

Get the format of the buffer when viewed as a matrix of samples.

pub fn as_flat_samples(&self) -> FlatSamples<&[P::Subpixel]>where Container: AsRef<[P::Subpixel]>,

Return a view on the raw sample buffer.

See into_flat_samples for more details.

pub fn as_flat_samples_mut(&mut self) -> FlatSamples<&mut [P::Subpixel]>where Container: AsMut<[P::Subpixel]>,

Return a mutable view on the raw sample buffer.

See into_flat_samples for more details.

pub fn pixels_mut(&mut self) -> PixelsMut<'_, P>

Returns an iterator over the mutable pixels of this image.

pub fn rows_mut(&mut self) -> RowsMut<'_, P>

Returns an iterator over the mutable rows of this image.

Only non-empty rows can be iterated in this manner. In particular the iterator will not yield any item when the width of the image is 0 or a pixel type without any channels is used. This ensures that its length can always be represented by usize.

pub fn enumerate_pixels_mut(&mut self) -> EnumeratePixelsMut<'_, P>

Enumerates over the pixels of the image. The iterator yields the coordinates of each pixel along with a mutable reference to them.

pub fn enumerate_rows_mut(&mut self) -> EnumerateRowsMut<'_, P>

Enumerates over the rows of the image. The iterator yields the y-coordinate of each row along with a mutable reference to them.

pub fn get_pixel_mut(&mut self, x: u32, y: u32) -> &mut P

Gets a reference to the mutable pixel at location (x, y)

Panics

Panics if (x, y) is out of the bounds (width, height).

pub fn get_pixel_mut_checked(&mut self, x: u32, y: u32) -> Option<&mut P>

Gets a reference to the mutable pixel at location (x, y) or returns None if the index is out of the bounds (width, height).

pub fn put_pixel(&mut self, x: u32, y: u32, pixel: P)

Puts a pixel at location (x, y)

Panics

Panics if (x, y) is out of the bounds (width, height).

pub fn save<Q>(&self, path: Q) -> ImageResult<()>where Q: AsRef<Path>, P: PixelWithColorType,

Saves the buffer to a file at the path specified.

The image format is derived from the file extension.

pub fn save_with_format<Q>( &self, path: Q, format: ImageFormat ) -> ImageResult<()>where Q: AsRef<Path>, P: PixelWithColorType,

Saves the buffer to a file at the specified path in the specified format.

See save_buffer_with_format for supported types.

pub fn write_to<W, F>(&self, writer: &mut W, format: F) -> ImageResult<()>where W: Write + Seek, F: Into<ImageOutputFormat>, P: PixelWithColorType,

Writes the buffer to a writer in the specified format.

Assumes the writer is buffered. In most cases, you should wrap your writer in a BufWriter for best performance.

See ImageOutputFormat for supported types.

pub fn write_with_encoder<E>(&self, encoder: E) -> ImageResult<()>where E: ImageEncoder, P: PixelWithColorType,

Writes the buffer with the given encoder.

Trait Implementations

impl<P, Container> Clone for ImageBuffer<P, Container>where P: Pixel, Container: Deref<Target = [P::Subpixel]> + Clone,

fn clone(&self) -> ImageBuffer<P, Container>

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl<Container, FromType: Pixel, ToType> ConvertBuffer<ImageBuffer<ToType, Vec<<ToType as Pixel>::Subpixel, Global>>> for ImageBuffer<FromType, Container>where Container: Deref<Target = [FromType::Subpixel]>, ToType: FromColor<FromType> + Pixel,

fn convert(&self) -> ImageBuffer<ToType, Vec<ToType::Subpixel>>

Examples

Convert RGB image to gray image.

use image::buffer::ConvertBuffer;
use image::GrayImage;

let image_path = "examples/fractal.png";
let image = image::open(&image_path)
    .expect("Open file failed")
    .to_rgba8();

let gray_image: GrayImage = image.convert();

impl<P: Debug + Pixel, Container: Debug> Debug for ImageBuffer<P, Container>

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<P, Container> Default for ImageBuffer<P, Container>where P: Pixel, Container: Default,

fn default() -> Self

Returns the “default value” for a type.

impl<P, Container> Deref for ImageBuffer<P, Container>where P: Pixel, Container: Deref<Target = [P::Subpixel]>,

type Target = [<P as Pixel>::Subpixel]

The resulting type after dereferencing.

fn deref(&self) -> &<Self as Deref>::Target

Dereferences the value.

impl<P, Container> DerefMut for ImageBuffer<P, Container>where P: Pixel, Container: Deref<Target = [P::Subpixel]> + DerefMut,

fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut <Self as Deref>::Target

Mutably dereferences the value.

impl<P, Container> GenericImage for ImageBuffer<P, Container>where P: Pixel, Container: Deref<Target = [P::Subpixel]> + DerefMut,

unsafe fn unsafe_put_pixel(&mut self, x: u32, y: u32, pixel: P)

Puts a pixel at location (x, y), ignoring bounds checking.

fn blend_pixel(&mut self, x: u32, y: u32, p: P)

👎Deprecated since 0.24.0: Use iterator pixels_mut to blend the pixels directly

Put a pixel at location (x, y), taking into account alpha channels

DEPRECATED: This method will be removed. Blend the pixel directly instead.

fn get_pixel_mut(&mut self, x: u32, y: u32) -> &mut P

👎Deprecated since 0.24.0: Use get_pixel and put_pixel instead.

Gets a reference to the mutable pixel at location (x, y). Indexed from top left.

fn put_pixel(&mut self, x: u32, y: u32, pixel: P)

Put a pixel at location (x, y). Indexed from top left.

fn copy_within(&mut self, source: Rect, x: u32, y: u32) -> bool

Copies all of the pixels from one part of this image to another part of this image.

fn copy_from<O>(&mut self, other: &O, x: u32, y: u32) -> ImageResult<()>where O: GenericImageView<Pixel = Self::Pixel>,

Copies all of the pixels from another image into this image.

fn sub_image( &mut self, x: u32, y: u32, width: u32, height: u32 ) -> SubImage<&mut Self>where Self: Sized,

Returns a mutable subimage that is a view into this image. If you want an immutable subimage instead, use GenericImageView::view The coordinates set the position of the top left corner of the SubImage.

impl<P, Container> GenericImageView for ImageBuffer<P, Container>where P: Pixel, Container: Deref<Target = [P::Subpixel]> + Deref,

unsafe fn unsafe_get_pixel(&self, x: u32, y: u32) -> P

Returns the pixel located at (x, y), ignoring bounds checking.

type Pixel = P

The type of pixel.

fn dimensions(&self) -> (u32, u32)

The width and height of this image.

fn bounds(&self) -> (u32, u32, u32, u32)

The bounding rectangle of this image.

fn get_pixel(&self, x: u32, y: u32) -> P

Returns the pixel located at (x, y). Indexed from top left.

fn width(&self) -> u32

The width of this image.

fn height(&self) -> u32

The height of this image.

fn in_bounds(&self, x: u32, y: u32) -> bool

Returns true if this x, y coordinate is contained inside the image.

fn pixels(&self) -> Pixels<'_, Self> where Self: Sized,

Returns an Iterator over the pixels of this image. The iterator yields the coordinates of each pixel along with their value

fn view(&self, x: u32, y: u32, width: u32, height: u32) -> SubImage<&Self>where Self: Sized,

Returns a subimage that is an immutable view into this image. You can use GenericImage::sub_image if you need a mutable view instead. The coordinates set the position of the top left corner of the view.

impl<P: Hash + Pixel, Container: Hash> Hash for ImageBuffer<P, Container>

fn hash<__H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut __H)

Feeds this value into the given Hasher.

fn hash_slice<H>(data: &[Self], state: &mut H)where H: Hasher, Self: Sized,

Feeds a slice of this type into the given Hasher.

impl<P, Container> Index<(u32, u32)> for ImageBuffer<P, Container>where P: Pixel, Container: Deref<Target = [P::Subpixel]>,

type Output = P

The returned type after indexing.

fn index(&self, (x, y): (u32, u32)) -> &P

Performs the indexing (container[index]) operation.

impl<P, Container> IndexMut<(u32, u32)> for ImageBuffer<P, Container>where P: Pixel, Container: Deref<Target = [P::Subpixel]> + DerefMut,

fn index_mut(&mut self, (x, y): (u32, u32)) -> &mut P

Performs the mutable indexing (container[index]) operation.

impl<P: PartialEq + Pixel, Container: PartialEq> PartialEq<ImageBuffer<P, Container>> for ImageBuffer<P, Container>

fn eq(&self, other: &ImageBuffer<P, Container>) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl<P: Eq + Pixel, Container: Eq> Eq for ImageBuffer<P, Container>

impl<P: Pixel, Container> StructuralEq for ImageBuffer<P, Container>

impl<P: Pixel, Container> StructuralPartialEq for ImageBuffer<P, Container>