Union std::mem::MaybeUninit

pub union MaybeUninit<T> {
    /* private fields */
}

A wrapper type to construct uninitialized instances of T.

Initialization invariant

The compiler, in general, assumes that a variable is properly initialized according to the requirements of the variable’s type. For example, a variable of reference type must be aligned and non-null. This is an invariant that must always be upheld, even in unsafe code. As a consequence, zero-initializing a variable of reference type causes instantaneous undefined behavior, no matter whether that reference ever gets used to access memory:

use std::mem::{self, MaybeUninit};

let x: &i32 = unsafe { mem::zeroed() }; // undefined behavior! ⚠️
// The equivalent code with `MaybeUninit<&i32>`:
let x: &i32 = unsafe { MaybeUninit::zeroed().assume_init() }; // undefined behavior! ⚠️

This is exploited by the compiler for various optimizations, such as eliding run-time checks and optimizing enum layout.

Similarly, entirely uninitialized memory may have any content, while a bool must always be true or false. Hence, creating an uninitialized bool is undefined behavior:

use std::mem::{self, MaybeUninit};

let b: bool = unsafe { mem::uninitialized() }; // undefined behavior! ⚠️
// The equivalent code with `MaybeUninit<bool>`:
let b: bool = unsafe { MaybeUninit::uninit().assume_init() }; // undefined behavior! ⚠️

Moreover, uninitialized memory is special in that it does not have a fixed value (“fixed” meaning “it won’t change without being written to”). Reading the same uninitialized byte multiple times can give different results. This makes it undefined behavior to have uninitialized data in a variable even if that variable has an integer type, which otherwise can hold any fixed bit pattern:

use std::mem::{self, MaybeUninit};

let x: i32 = unsafe { mem::uninitialized() }; // undefined behavior! ⚠️
// The equivalent code with `MaybeUninit<i32>`:
let x: i32 = unsafe { MaybeUninit::uninit().assume_init() }; // undefined behavior! ⚠️

On top of that, remember that most types have additional invariants beyond merely being considered initialized at the type level. For example, a 1-initialized Vec<T> is considered initialized (under the current implementation; this does not constitute a stable guarantee) because the only requirement the compiler knows about it is that the data pointer must be non-null. Creating such a Vec<T> does not cause immediate undefined behavior, but will cause undefined behavior with most safe operations (including dropping it).

Examples

MaybeUninit<T> serves to enable unsafe code to deal with uninitialized data. It is a signal to the compiler indicating that the data here might not be initialized:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

// Create an explicitly uninitialized reference. The compiler knows that data inside
// a `MaybeUninit<T>` may be invalid, and hence this is not UB:
let mut x = MaybeUninit::<&i32>::uninit();
// Set it to a valid value.
x.write(&0);
// Extract the initialized data -- this is only allowed *after* properly
// initializing `x`!
let x = unsafe { x.assume_init() };

The compiler then knows to not make any incorrect assumptions or optimizations on this code.

You can think of MaybeUninit<T> as being a bit like Option<T> but without any of the run-time tracking and without any of the safety checks.

out-pointers

You can use MaybeUninit<T> to implement “out-pointers”: instead of returning data from a function, pass it a pointer to some (uninitialized) memory to put the result into. This can be useful when it is important for the caller to control how the memory the result is stored in gets allocated, and you want to avoid unnecessary moves.

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

unsafe fn make_vec(out: *mut Vec<i32>) {
    // `write` does not drop the old contents, which is important.
    out.write(vec![1, 2, 3]);
}

let mut v = MaybeUninit::uninit();
unsafe { make_vec(v.as_mut_ptr()); }
// Now we know `v` is initialized! This also makes sure the vector gets
// properly dropped.
let v = unsafe { v.assume_init() };
assert_eq!(&v, &[1, 2, 3]);

Initializing an array element-by-element

MaybeUninit<T> can be used to initialize a large array element-by-element:

use std::mem::{self, MaybeUninit};

let data = {
    // Create an uninitialized array of `MaybeUninit`. The `assume_init` is
    // safe because the type we are claiming to have initialized here is a
    // bunch of `MaybeUninit`s, which do not require initialization.
    let mut data: [MaybeUninit<Vec<u32>>; 1000] = unsafe {
        MaybeUninit::uninit().assume_init()
    };

    // Dropping a `MaybeUninit` does nothing, so if there is a panic during this loop,
    // we have a memory leak, but there is no memory safety issue.
    for elem in &mut data[..] {
        elem.write(vec![42]);
    }

    // Everything is initialized. Transmute the array to the
    // initialized type.
    unsafe { mem::transmute::<_, [Vec<u32>; 1000]>(data) }
};

assert_eq!(&data[0], &[42]);

You can also work with partially initialized arrays, which could be found in low-level datastructures.

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

// Create an uninitialized array of `MaybeUninit`. The `assume_init` is
// safe because the type we are claiming to have initialized here is a
// bunch of `MaybeUninit`s, which do not require initialization.
let mut data: [MaybeUninit<String>; 1000] = unsafe { MaybeUninit::uninit().assume_init() };
// Count the number of elements we have assigned.
let mut data_len: usize = 0;

for elem in &mut data[0..500] {
    elem.write(String::from("hello"));
    data_len += 1;
}

// For each item in the array, drop if we allocated it.
for elem in &mut data[0..data_len] {
    unsafe { elem.assume_init_drop(); }
}

Initializing a struct field-by-field

You can use MaybeUninit<T>, and the std::ptr::addr_of_mut macro, to initialize structs field by field:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
use std::ptr::addr_of_mut;

#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
pub struct Foo {
    name: String,
    list: Vec<u8>,
}

let foo = {
    let mut uninit: MaybeUninit<Foo> = MaybeUninit::uninit();
    let ptr = uninit.as_mut_ptr();

    // Initializing the `name` field
    // Using `write` instead of assignment via `=` to not call `drop` on the
    // old, uninitialized value.
    unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*ptr).name).write("Bob".to_string()); }

    // Initializing the `list` field
    // If there is a panic here, then the `String` in the `name` field leaks.
    unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*ptr).list).write(vec![0, 1, 2]); }

    // All the fields are initialized, so we call `assume_init` to get an initialized Foo.
    unsafe { uninit.assume_init() }
};

assert_eq!(
    foo,
    Foo {
        name: "Bob".to_string(),
        list: vec![0, 1, 2]
    }
);

Layout

MaybeUninit<T> is guaranteed to have the same size, alignment, and ABI as T:

use std::mem::{MaybeUninit, size_of, align_of};
assert_eq!(size_of::<MaybeUninit<u64>>(), size_of::<u64>());
assert_eq!(align_of::<MaybeUninit<u64>>(), align_of::<u64>());

However remember that a type containing a MaybeUninit<T> is not necessarily the same layout; Rust does not in general guarantee that the fields of a Foo<T> have the same order as a Foo<U> even if T and U have the same size and alignment. Furthermore because any bit value is valid for a MaybeUninit<T> the compiler can’t apply non-zero/niche-filling optimizations, potentially resulting in a larger size:

assert_eq!(size_of::<Option<bool>>(), 1);
assert_eq!(size_of::<Option<MaybeUninit<bool>>>(), 2);

If T is FFI-safe, then so is MaybeUninit<T>.

While MaybeUninit is #[repr(transparent)] (indicating it guarantees the same size, alignment, and ABI as T), this does not change any of the previous caveats. Option<T> and Option<MaybeUninit<T>> may still have different sizes, and types containing a field of type T may be laid out (and sized) differently than if that field were MaybeUninit<T>. MaybeUninit is a union type, and #[repr(transparent)] on unions is unstable (see the tracking issue). Over time, the exact guarantees of #[repr(transparent)] on unions may evolve, and MaybeUninit may or may not remain #[repr(transparent)]. That said, MaybeUninit<T> will always guarantee that it has the same size, alignment, and ABI as T; it’s just that the way MaybeUninit implements that guarantee may evolve.

Implementations

impl<T, A> Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>

where A: Allocator,

pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Box<T, A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit #63291)

Converts to Box<T, A>.

Safety

As with MaybeUninit::assume_init, it is up to the caller to guarantee that the value really is in an initialized state. Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized causes immediate undefined behavior.

Examples

#![feature(new_uninit)]

let mut five = Box::<u32>::new_uninit();

let five: Box<u32> = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    five.as_mut_ptr().write(5);

    five.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*five, 5)

pub fn write(boxed: Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>, value: T) -> Box<T, A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit #63291)

Writes the value and converts to Box<T, A>.

This method converts the box similarly to Box::assume_init but writes value into it before conversion thus guaranteeing safety. In some scenarios use of this method may improve performance because the compiler may be able to optimize copying from stack.

Examples

#![feature(new_uninit)]

let big_box = Box::<[usize; 1024]>::new_uninit();

let mut array = [0; 1024];
for (i, place) in array.iter_mut().enumerate() {
    *place = i;
}

// The optimizer may be able to elide this copy, so previous code writes
// to heap directly.
let big_box = Box::write(big_box, array);

for (i, x) in big_box.iter().enumerate() {
    assert_eq!(*x, i);
}

impl<T> MaybeUninit<T>

pub const fn new(val: T) -> MaybeUninit<T>

Creates a new MaybeUninit<T> initialized with the given value. It is safe to call assume_init on the return value of this function.

Note that dropping a MaybeUninit<T> will never call T’s drop code. It is your responsibility to make sure T gets dropped if it got initialized.

Example

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let v: MaybeUninit<Vec<u8>> = MaybeUninit::new(vec![42]);

pub const fn uninit() -> MaybeUninit<T>

Creates a new MaybeUninit<T> in an uninitialized state.

Note that dropping a MaybeUninit<T> will never call T’s drop code. It is your responsibility to make sure T gets dropped if it got initialized.

See the type-level documentation for some examples.

Example

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let v: MaybeUninit<String> = MaybeUninit::uninit();

pub fn uninit_array<const N: usize>() -> [MaybeUninit<T>; N]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (maybe_uninit_uninit_array #96097)

Create a new array of MaybeUninit<T> items, in an uninitialized state.

Note: in a future Rust version this method may become unnecessary when Rust allows inline const expressions. The example below could then use let mut buf = [const { MaybeUninit::<u8>::uninit() }; 32];.

Examples

#![feature(maybe_uninit_uninit_array, maybe_uninit_slice)]

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

extern "C" {
    fn read_into_buffer(ptr: *mut u8, max_len: usize) -> usize;
}

/// Returns a (possibly smaller) slice of data that was actually read
fn read(buf: &mut [MaybeUninit<u8>]) -> &[u8] {
    unsafe {
        let len = read_into_buffer(buf.as_mut_ptr() as *mut u8, buf.len());
        MaybeUninit::slice_assume_init_ref(&buf[..len])
    }
}

let mut buf: [MaybeUninit<u8>; 32] = MaybeUninit::uninit_array();
let data = read(&mut buf);

pub const fn zeroed() -> MaybeUninit<T>

Creates a new MaybeUninit<T> in an uninitialized state, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes. It depends on T whether that already makes for proper initialization. For example, MaybeUninit<usize>::zeroed() is initialized, but MaybeUninit<&'static i32>::zeroed() is not because references must not be null.

Note that dropping a MaybeUninit<T> will never call T’s drop code. It is your responsibility to make sure T gets dropped if it got initialized.

Example

Correct usage of this function: initializing a struct with zero, where all fields of the struct can hold the bit-pattern 0 as a valid value.

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let x = MaybeUninit::<(u8, bool)>::zeroed();
let x = unsafe { x.assume_init() };
assert_eq!(x, (0, false));

This can be used in const contexts, such as to indicate the end of static arrays for plugin registration.

Incorrect usage of this function: calling x.zeroed().assume_init() when 0 is not a valid bit-pattern for the type:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

enum NotZero { One = 1, Two = 2 }

let x = MaybeUninit::<(u8, NotZero)>::zeroed();
let x = unsafe { x.assume_init() };
// Inside a pair, we create a `NotZero` that does not have a valid discriminant.
// This is undefined behavior. ⚠️

pub fn write(&mut self, val: T) -> &mut T

Sets the value of the MaybeUninit<T>.

This overwrites any previous value without dropping it, so be careful not to use this twice unless you want to skip running the destructor. For your convenience, this also returns a mutable reference to the (now safely initialized) contents of self.

As the content is stored inside a MaybeUninit, the destructor is not run for the inner data if the MaybeUninit leaves scope without a call to assume_init, assume_init_drop, or similar. Code that receives the mutable reference returned by this function needs to keep this in mind. The safety model of Rust regards leaks as safe, but they are usually still undesirable. This being said, the mutable reference behaves like any other mutable reference would, so assigning a new value to it will drop the old content.

Examples

Correct usage of this method:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut x = MaybeUninit::<Vec<u8>>::uninit();

{
    let hello = x.write((&b"Hello, world!").to_vec());
    // Setting hello does not leak prior allocations, but drops them
    *hello = (&b"Hello").to_vec();
    hello[0] = 'h' as u8;
}
// x is initialized now:
let s = unsafe { x.assume_init() };
assert_eq!(b"hello", s.as_slice());

This usage of the method causes a leak:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut x = MaybeUninit::<String>::uninit();

x.write("Hello".to_string());
// This leaks the contained string:
x.write("hello".to_string());
// x is initialized now:
let s = unsafe { x.assume_init() };

This method can be used to avoid unsafe in some cases. The example below shows a part of an implementation of a fixed sized arena that lends out pinned references. With write, we can avoid the need to write through a raw pointer:

use core::pin::Pin;
use core::mem::MaybeUninit;

struct PinArena<T> {
    memory: Box<[MaybeUninit<T>]>,
    len: usize,
}

impl <T> PinArena<T> {
    pub fn capacity(&self) -> usize {
        self.memory.len()
    }
    pub fn push(&mut self, val: T) -> Pin<&mut T> {
        if self.len >= self.capacity() {
            panic!("Attempted to push to a full pin arena!");
        }
        let ref_ = self.memory[self.len].write(val);
        self.len += 1;
        unsafe { Pin::new_unchecked(ref_) }
    }
}

pub const fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const T

Gets a pointer to the contained value. Reading from this pointer or turning it into a reference is undefined behavior unless the MaybeUninit<T> is initialized. Writing to memory that this pointer (non-transitively) points to is undefined behavior (except inside an UnsafeCell<T>).

Examples

Correct usage of this method:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut x = MaybeUninit::<Vec<u32>>::uninit();
x.write(vec![0, 1, 2]);
// Create a reference into the `MaybeUninit<T>`. This is okay because we initialized it.
let x_vec = unsafe { &*x.as_ptr() };
assert_eq!(x_vec.len(), 3);

Incorrect usage of this method:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let x = MaybeUninit::<Vec<u32>>::uninit();
let x_vec = unsafe { &*x.as_ptr() };
// We have created a reference to an uninitialized vector! This is undefined behavior. ⚠️

(Notice that the rules around references to uninitialized data are not finalized yet, but until they are, it is advisable to avoid them.)

pub fn as_mut_ptr(&mut self) -> *mut T

Gets a mutable pointer to the contained value. Reading from this pointer or turning it into a reference is undefined behavior unless the MaybeUninit<T> is initialized.

Examples

Correct usage of this method:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut x = MaybeUninit::<Vec<u32>>::uninit();
x.write(vec![0, 1, 2]);
// Create a reference into the `MaybeUninit<Vec<u32>>`.
// This is okay because we initialized it.
let x_vec = unsafe { &mut *x.as_mut_ptr() };
x_vec.push(3);
assert_eq!(x_vec.len(), 4);

Incorrect usage of this method:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut x = MaybeUninit::<Vec<u32>>::uninit();
let x_vec = unsafe { &mut *x.as_mut_ptr() };
// We have created a reference to an uninitialized vector! This is undefined behavior. ⚠️

(Notice that the rules around references to uninitialized data are not finalized yet, but until they are, it is advisable to avoid them.)

pub const unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> T

Extracts the value from the MaybeUninit<T> container. This is a great way to ensure that the data will get dropped, because the resulting T is subject to the usual drop handling.

Safety

It is up to the caller to guarantee that the MaybeUninit<T> really is in an initialized state. Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized causes immediate undefined behavior. The type-level documentation contains more information about this initialization invariant.

On top of that, remember that most types have additional invariants beyond merely being considered initialized at the type level. For example, a 1-initialized Vec<T> is considered initialized (under the current implementation; this does not constitute a stable guarantee) because the only requirement the compiler knows about it is that the data pointer must be non-null. Creating such a Vec<T> does not cause immediate undefined behavior, but will cause undefined behavior with most safe operations (including dropping it).

Examples

Correct usage of this method:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut x = MaybeUninit::<bool>::uninit();
x.write(true);
let x_init = unsafe { x.assume_init() };
assert_eq!(x_init, true);

Incorrect usage of this method:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let x = MaybeUninit::<Vec<u32>>::uninit();
let x_init = unsafe { x.assume_init() };
// `x` had not been initialized yet, so this last line caused undefined behavior. ⚠️

pub const unsafe fn assume_init_read(&self) -> T

Reads the value from the MaybeUninit<T> container. The resulting T is subject to the usual drop handling.

Whenever possible, it is preferable to use assume_init instead, which prevents duplicating the content of the MaybeUninit<T>.

Safety

It is up to the caller to guarantee that the MaybeUninit<T> really is in an initialized state. Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized causes undefined behavior. The type-level documentation contains more information about this initialization invariant.

Moreover, similar to the ptr::read function, this function creates a bitwise copy of the contents, regardless whether the contained type implements the Copy trait or not. When using multiple copies of the data (by calling assume_init_read multiple times, or first calling assume_init_read and then assume_init), it is your responsibility to ensure that data may indeed be duplicated.

Examples

Correct usage of this method:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut x = MaybeUninit::<u32>::uninit();
x.write(13);
let x1 = unsafe { x.assume_init_read() };
// `u32` is `Copy`, so we may read multiple times.
let x2 = unsafe { x.assume_init_read() };
assert_eq!(x1, x2);

let mut x = MaybeUninit::<Option<Vec<u32>>>::uninit();
x.write(None);
let x1 = unsafe { x.assume_init_read() };
// Duplicating a `None` value is okay, so we may read multiple times.
let x2 = unsafe { x.assume_init_read() };
assert_eq!(x1, x2);

Incorrect usage of this method:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut x = MaybeUninit::<Option<Vec<u32>>>::uninit();
x.write(Some(vec![0, 1, 2]));
let x1 = unsafe { x.assume_init_read() };
let x2 = unsafe { x.assume_init_read() };
// We now created two copies of the same vector, leading to a double-free ⚠️ when
// they both get dropped!

pub unsafe fn assume_init_drop(&mut self)

Drops the contained value in place.

If you have ownership of the MaybeUninit, you can also use assume_init as an alternative.

Safety

It is up to the caller to guarantee that the MaybeUninit<T> really is in an initialized state. Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized causes undefined behavior.

On top of that, all additional invariants of the type T must be satisfied, as the Drop implementation of T (or its members) may rely on this. For example, setting a Vec<T> to an invalid but non-null address makes it initialized (under the current implementation; this does not constitute a stable guarantee), because the only requirement the compiler knows about it is that the data pointer must be non-null. Dropping such a Vec<T> however will cause undefined behaviour.

pub const unsafe fn assume_init_ref(&self) -> &T

Gets a shared reference to the contained value.

This can be useful when we want to access a MaybeUninit that has been initialized but don’t have ownership of the MaybeUninit (preventing the use of .assume_init()).

Safety

Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized causes undefined behavior: it is up to the caller to guarantee that the MaybeUninit<T> really is in an initialized state.

Examples

Correct usage of this method:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut x = MaybeUninit::<Vec<u32>>::uninit();
// Initialize `x`:
x.write(vec![1, 2, 3]);
// Now that our `MaybeUninit<_>` is known to be initialized, it is okay to
// create a shared reference to it:
let x: &Vec<u32> = unsafe {
    // SAFETY: `x` has been initialized.
    x.assume_init_ref()
};
assert_eq!(x, &vec![1, 2, 3]);

Incorrect usages of this method:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let x = MaybeUninit::<Vec<u32>>::uninit();
let x_vec: &Vec<u32> = unsafe { x.assume_init_ref() };
// We have created a reference to an uninitialized vector! This is undefined behavior. ⚠️

use std::{cell::Cell, mem::MaybeUninit};

let b = MaybeUninit::<Cell<bool>>::uninit();
// Initialize the `MaybeUninit` using `Cell::set`:
unsafe {
    b.assume_init_ref().set(true);
   // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
   // Reference to an uninitialized `Cell<bool>`: UB!
}

pub unsafe fn assume_init_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T

Gets a mutable (unique) reference to the contained value.

This can be useful when we want to access a MaybeUninit that has been initialized but don’t have ownership of the MaybeUninit (preventing the use of .assume_init()).

Safety

Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized causes undefined behavior: it is up to the caller to guarantee that the MaybeUninit<T> really is in an initialized state. For instance, .assume_init_mut() cannot be used to initialize a MaybeUninit.

Examples

Correct usage of this method:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

extern "C" {
    /// Initializes *all* the bytes of the input buffer.
    fn initialize_buffer(buf: *mut [u8; 1024]);
}

let mut buf = MaybeUninit::<[u8; 1024]>::uninit();

// Initialize `buf`:
unsafe { initialize_buffer(buf.as_mut_ptr()); }
// Now we know that `buf` has been initialized, so we could `.assume_init()` it.
// However, using `.assume_init()` may trigger a `memcpy` of the 1024 bytes.
// To assert our buffer has been initialized without copying it, we upgrade
// the `&mut MaybeUninit<[u8; 1024]>` to a `&mut [u8; 1024]`:
let buf: &mut [u8; 1024] = unsafe {
    // SAFETY: `buf` has been initialized.
    buf.assume_init_mut()
};

// Now we can use `buf` as a normal slice:
buf.sort_unstable();
assert!(
    buf.windows(2).all(|pair| pair[0] <= pair[1]),
    "buffer is sorted",
);

Incorrect usages of this method:

You cannot use .assume_init_mut() to initialize a value:

use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut b = MaybeUninit::<bool>::uninit();
unsafe {
    *b.assume_init_mut() = true;
    // We have created a (mutable) reference to an uninitialized `bool`!
    // This is undefined behavior. ⚠️
}

For instance, you cannot Read into an uninitialized buffer:

use std::{io, mem::MaybeUninit};

fn read_chunk (reader: &'_ mut dyn io::Read) -> io::Result<[u8; 64]>
{
    let mut buffer = MaybeUninit::<[u8; 64]>::uninit();
    reader.read_exact(unsafe { buffer.assume_init_mut() })?;
                            // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                            // (mutable) reference to uninitialized memory!
                            // This is undefined behavior.
    Ok(unsafe { buffer.assume_init() })
}

Nor can you use direct field access to do field-by-field gradual initialization:

use std::{mem::MaybeUninit, ptr};

struct Foo {
    a: u32,
    b: u8,
}

let foo: Foo = unsafe {
    let mut foo = MaybeUninit::<Foo>::uninit();
    ptr::write(&mut foo.assume_init_mut().a as *mut u32, 1337);
                 // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                 // (mutable) reference to uninitialized memory!
                 // This is undefined behavior.
    ptr::write(&mut foo.assume_init_mut().b as *mut u8, 42);
                 // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                 // (mutable) reference to uninitialized memory!
                 // This is undefined behavior.
    foo.assume_init()
};

pub unsafe fn array_assume_init<const N: usize>( array: [MaybeUninit<T>; N] ) -> [T; N]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (maybe_uninit_array_assume_init #96097)

Extracts the values from an array of MaybeUninit containers.

Safety

It is up to the caller to guarantee that all elements of the array are in an initialized state.

Examples

#![feature(maybe_uninit_uninit_array)]
#![feature(maybe_uninit_array_assume_init)]
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut array: [MaybeUninit<i32>; 3] = MaybeUninit::uninit_array();
array[0].write(0);
array[1].write(1);
array[2].write(2);

// SAFETY: Now safe as we initialised all elements
let array = unsafe {
    MaybeUninit::array_assume_init(array)
};

assert_eq!(array, [0, 1, 2]);

pub unsafe fn slice_assume_init_ref(slice: &[MaybeUninit<T>]) -> &[T]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (maybe_uninit_slice #63569)

Assuming all the elements are initialized, get a slice to them.

Safety

It is up to the caller to guarantee that the MaybeUninit<T> elements really are in an initialized state. Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized causes undefined behavior.

See assume_init_ref for more details and examples.

pub unsafe fn slice_assume_init_mut(slice: &mut [MaybeUninit<T>]) -> &mut [T]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (maybe_uninit_slice #63569)

Assuming all the elements are initialized, get a mutable slice to them.

Safety

It is up to the caller to guarantee that the MaybeUninit<T> elements really are in an initialized state. Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized causes undefined behavior.

See assume_init_mut for more details and examples.

pub fn slice_as_ptr(this: &[MaybeUninit<T>]) -> *const T

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (maybe_uninit_slice #63569)

Gets a pointer to the first element of the array.

pub fn slice_as_mut_ptr(this: &mut [MaybeUninit<T>]) -> *mut T

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (maybe_uninit_slice #63569)

Gets a mutable pointer to the first element of the array.

pub fn copy_from_slice<'a>( this: &'a mut [MaybeUninit<T>], src: &[T] ) -> &'a mut [T]

where T: Copy,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (maybe_uninit_write_slice #79995)

Copies the elements from src to this, returning a mutable reference to the now initialized contents of this.

If T does not implement Copy, use clone_from_slice

This is similar to slice::copy_from_slice.

Panics

This function will panic if the two slices have different lengths.

Examples

#![feature(maybe_uninit_write_slice)]
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut dst = [MaybeUninit::uninit(); 32];
let src = [0; 32];

let init = MaybeUninit::copy_from_slice(&mut dst, &src);

assert_eq!(init, src);

#![feature(maybe_uninit_write_slice)]
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(32);
let src = [0; 16];

MaybeUninit::copy_from_slice(&mut vec.spare_capacity_mut()[..src.len()], &src);

// SAFETY: we have just copied all the elements of len into the spare capacity
// the first src.len() elements of the vec are valid now.
unsafe {
    vec.set_len(src.len());
}

assert_eq!(vec, src);

pub fn clone_from_slice<'a>( this: &'a mut [MaybeUninit<T>], src: &[T] ) -> &'a mut [T]

where T: Clone,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (maybe_uninit_write_slice #79995)

Clones the elements from src to this, returning a mutable reference to the now initialized contents of this. Any already initialized elements will not be dropped.

If T implements Copy, use copy_from_slice

This is similar to slice::clone_from_slice but does not drop existing elements.

Panics

This function will panic if the two slices have different lengths, or if the implementation of Clone panics.

If there is a panic, the already cloned elements will be dropped.

Examples

#![feature(maybe_uninit_write_slice)]
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut dst = [MaybeUninit::uninit(), MaybeUninit::uninit(), MaybeUninit::uninit(), MaybeUninit::uninit(), MaybeUninit::uninit()];
let src = ["wibbly".to_string(), "wobbly".to_string(), "timey".to_string(), "wimey".to_string(), "stuff".to_string()];

let init = MaybeUninit::clone_from_slice(&mut dst, &src);

assert_eq!(init, src);

#![feature(maybe_uninit_write_slice)]
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(32);
let src = ["rust", "is", "a", "pretty", "cool", "language"];

MaybeUninit::clone_from_slice(&mut vec.spare_capacity_mut()[..src.len()], &src);

// SAFETY: we have just cloned all the elements of len into the spare capacity
// the first src.len() elements of the vec are valid now.
unsafe {
    vec.set_len(src.len());
}

assert_eq!(vec, src);

pub fn fill<'a>(this: &'a mut [MaybeUninit<T>], value: T) -> &'a mut [T]

where T: Clone,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (maybe_uninit_fill #117428)

Fills this with elements by cloning value, returning a mutable reference to the now initialized contents of this. Any previously initialized elements will not be dropped.

This is similar to slice::fill.

Panics

This function will panic if any call to Clone panics.

If such a panic occurs, any elements previously initialized during this operation will be dropped.

Examples

Fill an uninit vec with 1.

#![feature(maybe_uninit_fill)]
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut buf = vec![MaybeUninit::uninit(); 10];
let initialized = MaybeUninit::fill(buf.as_mut_slice(), 1);
assert_eq!(initialized, &mut [1; 10]);

pub fn fill_with<'a, F>(this: &'a mut [MaybeUninit<T>], f: F) -> &'a mut [T]

where F: FnMut() -> T,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (maybe_uninit_fill #117428)

Fills this with elements returned by calling a closure repeatedly.

This method uses a closure to create new values. If you’d rather Clone a given value, use MaybeUninit::fill. If you want to use the Default trait to generate values, you can pass Default::default as the argument.

Panics

This function will panic if any call to the provided closure panics.

If such a panic occurs, any elements previously initialized during this operation will be dropped.

Examples

Fill an uninit vec with the default value.

#![feature(maybe_uninit_fill)]
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut buf = vec![MaybeUninit::<i32>::uninit(); 10];
let initialized = MaybeUninit::fill_with(buf.as_mut_slice(), Default::default);
assert_eq!(initialized, &mut [0; 10]);

pub fn fill_from<'a, I>( this: &'a mut [MaybeUninit<T>], it: I ) -> (&'a mut [T], &'a mut [MaybeUninit<T>])

where I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (maybe_uninit_fill #117428)

Fills this with elements yielded by an iterator until either all elements have been initialized or the iterator is empty.

Returns two slices. The first slice contains the initialized portion of the original slice. The second slice is the still-uninitialized remainder of the original slice.

Panics

This function panics if the iterator’s next function panics.

If such a panic occurs, any elements previously initialized during this operation will be dropped.

Examples

Fill an uninit vec with a cycling iterator.

#![feature(maybe_uninit_fill)]
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut buf = vec![MaybeUninit::uninit(); 5];

let iter = [1, 2, 3].into_iter().cycle();
let (initialized, remainder) = MaybeUninit::fill_from(&mut buf, iter);

assert_eq!(initialized, &mut [1, 2, 3, 1, 2]);
assert_eq!(0, remainder.len());

Fill an uninit vec, but not completely.

#![feature(maybe_uninit_fill)]
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut buf = vec![MaybeUninit::uninit(); 5];
let iter = [1, 2];
let (initialized, remainder) = MaybeUninit::fill_from(&mut buf, iter);

assert_eq!(initialized, &mut [1, 2]);
assert_eq!(remainder.len(), 3);

pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[MaybeUninit<u8>]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (maybe_uninit_as_bytes #93092)

Returns the contents of this MaybeUninit as a slice of potentially uninitialized bytes.

Note that even if the contents of a MaybeUninit have been initialized, the value may still contain padding bytes which are left uninitialized.

Examples

#![feature(maybe_uninit_as_bytes, maybe_uninit_slice)]
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let val = 0x12345678_i32;
let uninit = MaybeUninit::new(val);
let uninit_bytes = uninit.as_bytes();
let bytes = unsafe { MaybeUninit::slice_assume_init_ref(uninit_bytes) };
assert_eq!(bytes, val.to_ne_bytes());

pub fn as_bytes_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [MaybeUninit<u8>]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (maybe_uninit_as_bytes #93092)

Returns the contents of this MaybeUninit as a mutable slice of potentially uninitialized bytes.

Note that even if the contents of a MaybeUninit have been initialized, the value may still contain padding bytes which are left uninitialized.

Examples

#![feature(maybe_uninit_as_bytes)]
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let val = 0x12345678_i32;
let mut uninit = MaybeUninit::new(val);
let uninit_bytes = uninit.as_bytes_mut();
if cfg!(target_endian = "little") {
    uninit_bytes[0].write(0xcd);
} else {
    uninit_bytes[3].write(0xcd);
}
let val2 = unsafe { uninit.assume_init() };
assert_eq!(val2, 0x123456cd);

pub fn slice_as_bytes(this: &[MaybeUninit<T>]) -> &[MaybeUninit<u8>]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (maybe_uninit_as_bytes #93092)

Returns the contents of this slice of MaybeUninit as a slice of potentially uninitialized bytes.

Note that even if the contents of a MaybeUninit have been initialized, the value may still contain padding bytes which are left uninitialized.

Examples

#![feature(maybe_uninit_as_bytes, maybe_uninit_write_slice, maybe_uninit_slice)]
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let uninit = [MaybeUninit::new(0x1234u16), MaybeUninit::new(0x5678u16)];
let uninit_bytes = MaybeUninit::slice_as_bytes(&uninit);
let bytes = unsafe { MaybeUninit::slice_assume_init_ref(&uninit_bytes) };
let val1 = u16::from_ne_bytes(bytes[0..2].try_into().unwrap());
let val2 = u16::from_ne_bytes(bytes[2..4].try_into().unwrap());
assert_eq!(&[val1, val2], &[0x1234u16, 0x5678u16]);

pub fn slice_as_bytes_mut(this: &mut [MaybeUninit<T>]) -> &mut [MaybeUninit<u8>]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (maybe_uninit_as_bytes #93092)

Returns the contents of this mutable slice of MaybeUninit as a mutable slice of potentially uninitialized bytes.

Note that even if the contents of a MaybeUninit have been initialized, the value may still contain padding bytes which are left uninitialized.

Examples

#![feature(maybe_uninit_as_bytes, maybe_uninit_write_slice, maybe_uninit_slice)]
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

let mut uninit = [MaybeUninit::<u16>::uninit(), MaybeUninit::<u16>::uninit()];
let uninit_bytes = MaybeUninit::slice_as_bytes_mut(&mut uninit);
MaybeUninit::copy_from_slice(uninit_bytes, &[0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78]);
let vals = unsafe { MaybeUninit::slice_assume_init_ref(&uninit) };
if cfg!(target_endian = "little") {
    assert_eq!(vals, &[0x3412u16, 0x7856u16]);
} else {
    assert_eq!(vals, &[0x1234u16, 0x5678u16]);
}

impl<T, const N: usize> MaybeUninit<[T; N]>

pub const fn transpose(self) -> [MaybeUninit<T>; N]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (maybe_uninit_uninit_array_transpose #96097)

Transposes a MaybeUninit<[T; N]> into a [MaybeUninit<T>; N].

Examples

#![feature(maybe_uninit_uninit_array_transpose)]

let data: [MaybeUninit<u8>; 1000] = MaybeUninit::uninit().transpose();

Trait Implementations

impl<T> Clone for MaybeUninit<T>

where T: Copy,

fn clone(&self) -> MaybeUninit<T>

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl<T> Debug for MaybeUninit<T>

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<T> Copy for MaybeUninit<T>

where T: Copy,